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SOURCES OF NEWS III:National News Agencies, HARD NEWS, SOFT NEWS

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Radio News, Reporting and Production ­ MCM515
VU
LESSON 15
SOURCES OF NEWS III
NEWS AGENCY
A news agency is an organization of journalists established to supply news reports to organizations in the
newspapers, magazines, and radio and television channels. They are also known as wire services or news
services.
News agencies generally prepare hard news stories that can be used by other news organizations with little
or no modification. They provide these articles in bulk, electronically through wire services, today, they
frequently use internet.
National News Agencies:
Associated Press of Pakistan (APP)
Pakistan Press Association, which was later, renamed as Pakistan Press International (PPI)
United Press of Pakistan (UPP)
Independent News Pakistan (INP)
News Network International (NNI)
SANA (South Asian News Agency)
Online News International (ONI)
International News Agencies:
Reuters
Agence France Presse
ANSA (ITALY)
Australian Associated Press
Canadian Press
China News Service
Iran News Agency (IRNA)
HARD NEWS
Spot news that contains solid facts & figures about an incident, to be treated as news.
Hard News Formula:
Hard news story covers a story by answering the following questions:
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
Who?
How?
SOFT NEWS
Stories covering the details, socio-cultural and economic reasons and background of a hard news story are
called Soft News.
Difference between Radio News and Newspaper News:
RADIO NEWS
NEWSPAPER NEWS
1.
News on radio is presented soon after the To get published, a news item has to wait for
event takes place.
24 hours.
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Radio News, Reporting and Production ­ MCM515
VU
2.
Follow-ups are broadcast promptly.
Follow-ups
next day.
3.
News on radio is to-the-point yet crisp.
News in newspaper is detailed.
4.
News items to be given in a news bulletin are All types of stories are published in
selective ­ only Frontline.
newspaper.
5.
Personal approach ­ The newsreader talks to Impersonal approach.
every individual listener.
6.
All headlines are given at the start of the news Every story is under its headline.
bulletin and then, normally after a short break
the details are read out.
7.
News is given in past and future tense.
Present tense is used in headlines in English
newspapers for past events. For future events
contracted headlines are used e.g., The
President visits U.K. (past)
The President to visit U.K. (future)
8.
Simple & spoken vocabulary.
Written style & difficult vocabulary may also
be employed.
9.
Simple sentence structure, no punctuations, Complex  structure
with
all
required
but stresses and pauses.
punctuations.
10.
No maps, charts, and graphs can be used for Maps, charts, and graphs can be used.
illustration.
11.
News is written and presented in a sober way; Catchy and saucy language and pictures are
a family feeling is given to the listeners.
also used.
12.
More accessibility; caters illiterates too.
Limited accessibility & caters only literates.
13.
Can present news as it happens but with Can present news as it happens with visual.
voice and sound only.
14.
More difficult since only words are used
Easier since pictures can be
used.
15.
Can be heard even in fields.
Cannot be carried everywhere.
16.
No maps, charts, graph.
Maps, charts, graphs.
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Table of Contents:
  1. WHAT RADIO IS:HISTORY OF RADIO, MARCONI –THE INVENTOR
  2. HISTORY OF RADIO:B.B.C. – 1922, Radio in Sub-Continent, PBC SERVICES
  3. OBJECTIVES OF BROADCASTING IN PAKISTAN:Information, Islamic ideology
  4. NEWS VALUES I:CONFLICT, PROGRESS, VICTORY AND DEFEAT
  5. NEWS VALUES II:TIMELINESS, PROXIMITY, NOVELTY, HUMAN INTEREST
  6. NEWS VALUES AND ELEMENTS OF NEWS:MISCELLANEOUS NEWS VALUES
  7. MEASURING THE IMPORTANCE OF NEWS:Intensity of an Event, NEWS STORY TYPES
  8. TYPES OF NEWS STORIES II:SIMPLE TYPES, ILLNESS, DEATH
  9. TYPES OF NEWS STORIES III:Conspiracy, Drug Trafficking, Lunar Months
  10. TYPES OF NEWS STORIES IV:COMPLEX NEWS, Forms of Government, Monarchy
  11. TYPES OF NEWS STORIES V:Education, Research, Religion
  12. TYPES OF NEWS STORIES VI:Lifestyles, Receptions, Entertainment
  13. SOURCES OF NEWS I:Network of Reporters, QUALITIES OF A REPORTER
  14. SOURCES OF NEWS II:MONITORING, NEWS/ PRESS RELEASE
  15. SOURCES OF NEWS III:National News Agencies, HARD NEWS, SOFT NEWS
  16. REPORTING:ORDER OF REPORTING, REPORTER’S QUALITIES, Well informed
  17. A SUCCESSFUL RADIO REPORTER:Briefing, Reporter’s Ammunition, Meeting Deadline
  18. INTERPRETATIVE REPORTING I:Growth of Interpretative Reporting
  19. INTERPRETATIVE REPORTING II:Factual Background, SPEECH STORY
  20. INTERPRETATIVE REPORTING III:FIRES & ACCIDENTS, CRIME STORIES
  21. INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING I:Thalidomide Scandal, Watergate Scandal
  22. INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING II:Identification of the problem, INTERVIEW
  23. TYPES OF INTERVIEW:Hard News Interview, Informational Interview
  24. ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD INTERVIEW I:Comments and Opinion, Topic must be specific
  25. ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD INTERVIEW II:Preparation of the Interview, Language
  26. RADIO NEWS GLOSSARY:Actuality, Cut, Voicer, Wrap, Hourly, Lead
  27. FUNDAMENTALS OF NEWS WRITING:Inverted Pyramided Style, Telling the Story
  28. FUNDAMENTALS OF WRITING NEWS FOR RADIO I:Language
  29. FUNDAMENTALS OF WRITING NEWS FOR RADIO II:Complex numbers
  30. ESSENTIALS OF A NEWSCASTER:Authority, Credibility, Language, Pronunciation
  31. PRODUCTION AND PLANNING:Principals of Planning a Program
  32. PRODUCER & BUDGETING:Strengths of a Radio Program, Budgeting a Program
  33. JARGONS OF PRODUCTION (Continued):Frequency spectrum, Dead studio
  34. TYPES OF TALK:Qualification of a Talker, Essentials of a talk, Vetting a talk
  35. DISCUSSION:Controlled Discussion, Live Discussion, Current affairs
  36. DISCUSSION:Selection of the TopicKnowledge of the Topic, Narrowing down the topic
  37. RADIO FEATURE:Sound Effects, Narration, Dramatic Feature, Religion, Personalities
  38. RADIO DOCUMENTARY:Commentary, History, Persons, Things, Phenomena
  39. DRAMA:Solo plays, Series, Serial, Soap, Components of Drama
  40. SPECIAL AUDIENCE PROGRAM:Children’s Programs, Women’s programs
  41. SPORTS PROGRAM:Live Programs, Recorded Programs, Preparation of OB
  42. THE MUSIC I:Folk Music, Classical Music, Light Music, Pop Music
  43. THE MUSIC II:Classification of Raga In Terms Of Notes, Aado, Khaado
  44. ETHICS & LIMITATIONS OF MEDIA:Domain of Freedom of Media, Defamation
  45. RECAP:What Radio Is, Timeliness, Elements of news, Types of Reporting, Production