SOCIAL GROUPS:Primary and Secondary Groups, Reference Group, Networks

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Introduction to Sociology SOC101

Lesson 7

SOCIAL GROUPS

Different meanings of group:

Any physical collection of people. Group shares nothing but physical closeness. It is just an

aggregation, a collectivity.

Number of people who share some common characteristic which is often called as category.

Number of people who share some organized pattern of recurrent interaction. It can be an

educational institution where people come and work, study, play.

Number of people who share consciousness of membership together and of interaction.

Two essentials of social group

social interaction and consciousness of membership.

A social group is two or more people who identify and interact with each other. Human beings come together in

couples, families, circles of friends, neighborhoods, and in work organizations. Whatever it form, a group is

made up of people with shared experiences (through social interaction), loyalties, and interests.

Not every collection of individuals can be called a social group. Let us look at some other concepts that are

often mixed up with social group. For example:

Category: People with a status in common, such as women, Muslims, Pakistanis, students, teachers, and

workers. They may know others who hold the same status; the vast majority may be strangers to each

other. So there is no interaction on the whole. Nevertheless, there are always pockets of small groups

within any broad category who interact with each other and are conscious of membership.

Crowd: A temporary cluster of individuals who may or may not interact at all. They are too transitory, and

are too impersonal. It might be students sitting together in a class, or people waiting for a train on the

railway platform. Change in circumstances may turn the crowd into a social group.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Primary and Secondary Groups

Primary group is a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships. They are bound

together by primary relationships. The relationships are informal, intimate, personal and total. These

groups are among the first we experience. The examples can be: Family, play group, friends. They provide

sense of security to the members. People usually have an emotional attachment, they are loyal, and the

relationships are end in itself.

Secondary group is a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific interest or activity. Just the

opposite of primary groups their relationships are secondary. Such relationships involve weak emotional ties and

little personal knowledge of one another. Most secondary groups are formal, impersonal, segmental, and

utilitarian. These groups are goal oriented. The interaction may be impersonal though pleasant. Example

can be students taking sociology course in the present semester. They might be together only for the

semester and may never see each other. Co-workers at a place of work, members of a political party could

be other examples.

In-Groups and Out-Groups

In-group is social group commanding a member's esteem and loyalty. My pronouns: I feel I belong to

them. Others: I am outside them. In-group exists in relation to an out-group.

Out-group is a social group toward which one feels in competition or opposition.

Introduction to Sociology SOC101

In modern societies the membership may overlap. In the National Assembly members are elected on the

tickets of different political parties. They have competed against each other (out-group to each other) but

after the election they are members of the one group i.e. National Assembly.

Exclusion from in-group may be brutal in simple society--Social boycott. In-group expects loyalty,

recognition, and helpful to its members.

These groups are important because they affect our behavior.

Group Size

Size of the group plays an important role in how group members interact. In small size groups the

members can have highly intense relationships but such groups are less stable. Look at the group of two

persons having a highly emotional interaction, but if one of them leaves, the group comes to an end.

The Dyad is social group with two members.

The Triad is a social group with three members. It is more stable than the dyad.

As groups grow beyond three people, they become more stable and capable of withstanding the loss of

even several members. At the same time, increase in-group size reduces the intense personal interaction,

which is possible only in the smaller groups.

Reference Group

How do we assess our own attitudes and behavior? Frequently, we use a reference group, a social group that

serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions. A young person might assess the rewards for his

work by comparing the rewards given to other coworkers for similar work.

Reference groups can be models, which could be ideals for individuals. Parents can be reference groups for

their children. Individuals can also be models and we can call them as reference individuals. A teacher

can be a reference individual for students.

Reference groups and reference individuals can be living or non-living persons; they can also be from the

fiction. Quaid I-Azam can be a reference individual for Pakistanis. Children pick up many of their

reference individuals from the cartoons they watch on television.

Reference groups or individuals can also be negative models whereby some individuals don't want to adopt

the behavior patterns of such individuals.

Stereotypes

It is a group-shared image of another group or category of people. It is an exaggerated description applied

to every person in some category. Such images could be about a minority group, about youth, about

Muslims, about Christians, about Pakistanis, about laborers. Stereotypes could become the basis of

prejudice, which is a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people.

Social Distance

One measure of prejudice is social distance, that is, how closely people are willing to interact with members of

some category. It is the degree of closeness or acceptance we feel about other groups.

Networks

A network is a web of weak social ties. Think of a network as "fuzzy" group containing people who come into

occasional contact but who lack a sense of boundaries and belonging. Network is "social web" expanding

outward, often reaching great distances and including large numbers of people.

Introduction to Sociology SOC101

Some networks are close to being groups, as is the case with college fellows who stay in touch after

graduation by e-mail and telephone. Usually a network includes people we know of or who know of us

but with whom we interact rarely.

A New Group: Emergence of Electronic Communities

In the 1990s, due to technology, an entirely new type of human group made its appearance through

Internet. These are the people who have a relationship with one another and who think of themselves as

belonging together.

Internet is a series of thousands of computers hooked together worldwide. On the Internet, thousands of

newsgroups, called use nets, people who communicate on almost any conceivable topic. This new way of

communicating has developed out of new technology.

New forms of electronic communication, sometimes called the information superhighway or cyberspace,

have made our homes "less bounded environment". While remaining within the walls of our homes, we

can instantly "travel" electronically to previously remote settings around the world. There, we can share

information with people who have never met, or seen, and even develop friendship with them. The result is

a new type of group known as an electronic community. In some cases, the term "electronic primary

group" seems more appropriate to refer to this new type of group, for people regularly interact with one

another, share personal information, identify with one another, and develop a sense of intimacy even

though they have "met" only electronically.

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