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REVISION (LESSON 23 TO 44):Broadcasting Laws, PEMRA, Budget

<< CAREER IN BROADCASTING:Production, Direction, Lighting Director, Script Writer
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Introduction to Broadcasting ­ MCM 411
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LESSON 45
REVISION (LESSON 23 TO 44)
History of Television
1927 mechanical TV Cultural revolution
1954 colored TV
Pakistan Television (PTV)
At last on Nov 26, 1964 country's first TV station was set up in Lahore.
Excitement
News/ dramas/ live shows/ 65 war/ color transmission 1982/ microwave links
Broadcasting Laws
Laws in the 19th century:
The Registration of books and newspaper act,1867
The Press (emergency power)act 1931
The States (protection against disaffection) act, 1922
The Foreign Relations act 1932
The Criminal law amendment act 1932
The States Protection act, 1934
The Post office act 1898
The Official Secret act
The Press and Publication Act of 1963
Constitution of 1973
Article 19
This article reads as follows:
"Every citizen shall have the right of freedom of speech and expression, and there
shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the
interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security, or defense of Pakistan or any part
thereof, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality or in relation to
the contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an office."
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Introduction to Broadcasting ­ MCM 411
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PEMRA
By late 1990's, Pakistan establishment had come to realize that to counter the cultural threat
imposed by the Hindi channels available through satellite receivers, it needed to encourage
private TV networks since the state owned PTV was failing to attract audiences who wanted
more openness both in terms of entertainment and current affairs. This led to the promulgation
of an ordinance in 1997 to set up a regulator for the electronic media. Federal cabinet in
January 2002 formally approved the text of an ordinance to create an autonomous regulatory
authority for independent electronic media. Initiating in April 2000 as regulatory authority for
media broadcast organizations RAMBO, it was later renamed the Pakistan electronic media
regulatory authority PEMRA. PEMRA was established on March 1st 2002 through an
ordinance to induct and facilitate the private sector in to the field of electronic media.
PEMRA, the regulator for electronic media in Pakistan, has been made responsible for
formulating technical standard and scrutinizing technical feasibility for broadcasting services
including radio, television, satellite broadcasting, cable television, multi-channel multi-point
distribution service (MMDS) and local multi-point distribution service (LMDS).
Replicas of radio broadcast
SETS:
Permanent Sets
Hot & Cover sets
New Sets
Camera Shots ­ the visual language
The Standard Shots:
Basic shots are discussed under this title
Big Close up
from head to chin
Close up
slight headroom to shoulder-line
X-close up
one part of body like eyes
Medium close up
with little head room to chest line
Medium shot
with more headroom to the waist-line
Medium long
ample headroom with lower line cutting below knees
Long shot
with adequate headroom to a slight foreground- covering whole
body
Very long shot
giving enough details of the surroundings of an individual/object
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Some other important shots:
Composite (also nose room/looking room)
Wide angle
Master/establishing
O/S
Cut-in
Cut-away
Broadcasting and media imperialism
Budget
Pre-production
Production and post production
Enigma of more channels
The Investment
The disadvantages
Leads to healthy competition
Fresh Ideas
Terrestrial to Satellite to cable TV
CD Channels
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BROADCASTING TERMINOLOGIES
Audience Analysis
to analyze the targeted audience
Audition
a trial.
Background
the music used in the background to establish a certain mood or to
show a specific time.
Balance
used to refer harmony among all areas of a program.
Billboard
a slide or an announcement, shown or made in the beginning of a
program that gives premier information about that program and the
whole production team involved in it.
Bite off
to delete some part of the program in the middle that was initially
decided to be a part of it.
Block
to block the time
Boom Mike
mike used to record sounds coming from different directions at the same
time.
Bridge
to make a transition/ change form one scene to another.
Bye Bye
to shift / move from one station /place to another.
Clean it up
to improve a program during rehearsals.
Creeper
performer who gradually moves closer to the mike during a broadcast
Cross talk
distracting conversation on a broadcast circuit, not originating on the
program itself
Cue Bite
to start before the previous performer is through
Cue sheet
outline of a program, listing various elements, the timing of each, and
cues
Cushion
material of a changeable length tentatively inserted in a program to help
director end on time
Cut
to stop the transmission of a program suddenly
Cuts
portions of a script eliminated before or during a broadcast/ used in
post-production to arrange shots in a new sequence.
Dawn patrol
station personnel who prepare early morning broadcast
Dead air
silence, intended or unforeseen
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Dead end
part of a studio, which is so sound absorbent that it deadens sound
Dead mike
disconnected mike
Director
Individual who selects performers, rehearses and directs programs
Disc, disc jockey
Announcers who emcees his/ her own record programs
Discrepancies
Changes from script made in last minute at studio, and indicated on
station log
Double
an actor doing several parts
Echo chamber
device consisting of a space which produces echo-like or distance
sounding reverberations
Fading
lowering of volume
Fight the music
not distracted by background music while reading lines
Fill-in
to stand by or perform in the even that a program alteration must be
made without advance notice
Filter
kind of microphone for altering tonal quality
Fluff
error in reading
FM
Frequency Modulation
Gimmick
particular quality which sets off a program from others which resemble it
Guide sheet
plan of a program procedure
In the beam
to be within the operational range of a mike
Kill the mike
Disconnect microphone circuit
Live
Performed by people, not a recording
Live announcement
Announcements performed at the time of the broadcast
Live mike
microphone connected to the circuit, picking voices
Log
Program log prepared by radio stations as a schedule
Master Control
Central point at which all studios in a station are linked, for relaying
Medium
means by which messages are transmitted to public
Off mike
position of a performer situated slightly away from mike
Offside
improper or questionable comedy line
On the head
begins exactly on time
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On the nose
ending of a program at precise time planned
Outlet
station which broadcast a particular program
Overboard
program which runs over, not finishing on time
Pad
to include additional material
Part-time station
station authorized to broadcast only at given hours
Playback
Immediate playing of a recording after it has been made, usually for
judging
Plops
Overemphasis of the letters B & P, misrendering of the sound
Plug
announcement advertisement of a given product.
Production
Planning, preparation, and offering of a program, or commercial
Punch Line
a part of the script which is stressed more than the rest of it
Quonking
the background voices and activity in a scene
Run over
used for a program that has gone beyond its time.
Scoop
means microphone was not switched on, on time.
Script Show
to reveal the script of the program before recording or a pre-planned talk/
discussion
Service Features
regular features of a broadcasting house on aired as a public service.
Set up
the placement of different performers and equipment and other crew
members on the set or in the studio.
Sound Table
Portable table used for holding sound-effects appliances
Spell a line
rehearse a line with voice accentuation as required by the scene
Station break
the break when station identity is announced, and other announcements
Spot
announcement or ads at a particular time in between programs
Spread
to lengthen part of a program to consume all time meant for broadcast
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Stand by
be ready, AND also a program prepared to fill (sudden) gap purposes
Station break
brief time between programs when radio stations identify themselves
Straight reading
reading script without stressing words, or giving special impression,
news
Stretch
prolong playing music / reading to finish at exact time
Tag line
final and decisive line in scene / commercial
Take timings
take time of every section of program by stop watch
Talent cost
money required to engage talents in a program
Throw a cue
director's gestures to performers / engineers to take certain action
Time signal
announcing correct time
Transition
music or silence used for moving from one scene to another if needed
Under
program which finishes early than scheduled time
THE END
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Table of Contents:
  1. BROADCASTING:Historical Facts about Radio, Wireless and Radio
  2. CLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAMS:NEWS, Language, Sensationalizing
  3. CURRENT AFFAIRS:Talk Shows, Discussions, Seminars, Live Shows
  4. OUTDOOR BROADCASTING I:VIP Movement, Suddenly Assigned Events
  5. OUTDOOR BROADCASTING II:Pakistan Day March Past, General Elections
  6. CURTAIN RAISER:Political, Financial, Sports, Academics
  7. RADIO FEATURE:Personality Features, Features on Events
  8. MUSICAL PROGRAMS:Classical Music, Light and Film Music, Folk Music
  9. RADIO DOCUMENTARY:Narrative, Dramatized, Imagination, Close to places
  10. DISC JOCKEY:Women in Focus, Daily/ Weekly Division, Making Titles
  11. VOICE IN BROADCASTING:Speech, Accent, Loudness, Stress
  12. NOISE:Physical, Medium itself, Problem at sender’s end, Semantics
  13. STUDIO:Drama Studio, Studios for Talk Shows/ Discussions, Music Studios,
  14. RADIO DRAMA I:Stage Dramas, Early Radio Dramas, Ethics, Classification
  15. RADIO DRAMA II:Selection of director, The Playwrights, Script, Voices
  16. ADVERTISEMENT – INCOME GENERATION:Similarities, More Analysis
  17. ADVERTISERS’ APPROACH:Dramatized, Dialogue based, News
  18. FM – A NEW GENERATION IN BROADCASTING:Low Cost, The Difference
  19. MICROPHONE TO TRANSMITTER:Amplifiers, Modulator, Transmitter
  20. WRITING SCRIPT FOR RADIO BROADCAST:NEWS Script, Interviews
  21. INTERACTIVE BROADCASTING:On-line, E-mails, Interview, Views in News
  22. REVISION:CURRENT AFFAIRS, RADIO FEATURE, MUSICAL PROGRAMS
  23. HISTORY OF TELEVISION:Early History, The Black & White Images, Color Television
  24. PAKISTAN TELEVISION (PTV):The Excitement, Timing, Live Broadcast
  25. BROADCASTING LAWS:Laws in the 19th century, Press Council of Pakistan
  26. REPLICAS OF RADIO BROADCAST:The Staff, News Reading, Programming
  27. NEW SCRIPT WRITING AND DIRECTION TECHNIQUES:TV Script
  28. SETS:Permanent Sets, Hot & Cover Sets, Special Sets, Economical
  29. CAMERA SHOTS – THE VISUAL LANGUAGE:Angle Shots, Movement shots
  30. LIGHTS IN VISUAL BROADCASTING:Light Temperature, Light and Distance
  31. INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR:NEWS and Interviews, Dramas and Music
  32. BROADCASTING AND MEDIA IMPERIALISM:The truth in the debate
  33. ENVIRONMENT OF TV BROADCAST:Optical Illusions, POV, Depth of Field
  34. BUDGET:First Part, Second Part, Third Part, The Sponsors
  35. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF DIFFERENT RADIO AND TV FORMATS:TV NEWS
  36. CURRENT AFFAIRS – FROM RADIO TO TV:Seminars, Interviews
  37. PRE-PRODUCTION:Brain Storming, Scripting a new program, Approval
  38. PRODUCTION & POST-PRODUCTION:Booking Shifts, Rehearsals
  39. TV ADVERTISEMENTS – MONEY WITH ENTERTAINMENT:Early Phase, Getting Spots
  40. ENIGMA OF MORE CHANNELS:The Investment, Fresh Ideas, Closure of channels
  41. ANCHORPERSON:Appearance and Confidence, Job Opportunities
  42. COMPARISON BETWEEN RADIO AND TV BROADCAST:The Difference, Script
  43. TERRESTRIAL TO SATELLITE TO CABLE TV:Cable Network, CD Channels
  44. CAREER IN BROADCASTING:Production, Direction, Lighting Director, Script Writer
  45. REVISION (LESSON 23 TO 44):Broadcasting Laws, PEMRA, Budget