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Memory:Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, Long Term Memory, Different kinds of LTM

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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
Lesson 28
Memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
Before studying long term memory, the overview of Atkinson and Shiffrin model is very
important. It gives us overview and makes us see where long term memory belongs.
In first box there is environmental input. First of all the input comes in sensory register from
environment. This information may be visual or auditory etc. then this input goes to short term
memory. Arrows are showing this process.
Sometimes we listen a word that we have listened ago. It has been stored in our long term
memory. Short term memory pull out information from long term memory and match this
information with environmental input or information and then response out put.
In short term memory there are control processes. These processes happened in short term
memory. These are rehearsal, coding, decisions and retrieval strategies.
Like when someone tells us telephone number we want to store it in our mobile. Until we
do not store this number we rehearse the number in our mind. If we want to remember the
information, for long term, we code the information in someway. We make decisions about
information at our short term memory stage. Or short term memory makes decisions. The
strategies of revision are also present in our short term memory. For example if we are shopping
the things in market we make decisions to buy the things.
Our current information goes into long term memory and stored information in long term memory
comes in short term memory. For example a depressive patient remind all his or her past life
events that make him or her more depressive. So therapists help patient to forget old things.
These old things are stored in long term memory. Long term memory is permanent memory. LTM
provides information according to context and scenario. Long term memory already creates set or
pattern in short term memory. The concept of LTM is closely related to the STM. Long term
memory constantly interacts with short term memory. Every experience, sensory experience,
every thing is survived or stored in our long term memory.
Long Term Memory
A memory that lasts more than 20 seconds is Long term memory.
So if you can recall something after 20 seconds it is in your LTM.
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
What is it?
Through repetition the information is stored in our long term memory.
Different things to different people
Memory has different meanings for different people.
Memory for students is about studies.
Memory for older people is about finding keys.
Memory for young children is about remembering how to tie their shoe laces.
Memory for scholars is about remembering what the book was all about.
So, there are different questions we have about memory.
Different kinds of LTM
There are different kinds of Long term memory.
1. Episodic versus Procedural
Amnesia patients forget their names but don't forget how to brush their teeth.
Like in films or movies, hero or heroine is injured and his or her memory is lost. They forget about
themselves but they know how to wear dress or how to make shave.
So in amnesia episodic memory become upset.
2. Semantic versus Sensory
In semantic memory we remember meanings of things. Like what is home? What is book?
What is rose?
Sensory memory means we remember analog representations of things. Sensory
representation is analog representation .It represents original things.
Like recall a perfume, imagine the taste of chocolate. What is a smell of rose?
3. Implicit versus Explicit
Things you learned on purpose as opposed to things you learned anyway, like teacher
shouting
What do we study?
Transfer from STM into LTM
Retrieval from LTM back into STM
Recall versus Recognition
Applications
Studying and testing
Role of rote learning
Eyewitness testimony
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION:Historical Background
  2. THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH
  3. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY:Brains of Dead People, The Neuron
  4. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):The Eye, The visual pathway
  5. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):Hubel & Wiesel, Sensory Memory
  6. VISUAL SENSORY MEMORY EXPERIMENTS (CONTINUED):Psychological Time
  7. ATTENTION:Single-mindedness, In Shadowing Paradigm, Attention and meaning
  8. ATTENTION (continued):Implications, Treisman’s Model, Norman’s Model
  9. ATTENTION (continued):Capacity Models, Arousal, Multimode Theory
  10. ATTENTION:Subsidiary Task, Capacity Theory, Reaction Time & Accuracy, Implications
  11. RECAP OF LAST LESSONS:AUTOMATICITY, Automatic Processing
  12. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Experiment, Implications, Task interference
  13. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Predicting flight performance, Thought suppression
  14. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Template Matching Models, Human flexibility
  15. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Implications, Phonemes, Voicing, Place of articulation
  16. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Adaptation paradigm
  17. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Gestalt Theory of Perception
  18. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Queen Elizabeth’s vase, Palmer (1977)
  19. OBJECT PERCEPTION (continued):Segmentation, Recognition of object
  20. ATTENTION & PATTERN RECOGNITION:Word Superiority Effect
  21. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Neural Networks, Patterns of connections
  22. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Effects of Sentence Context
  23. MEMORY:Short Term Working Memory, Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
  24. MEMORY:Rate of forgetting, Size of memory set
  25. Memory:Activation in a network, Magic number 7, Chunking
  26. Memory:Chunking, Individual differences in chunking
  27. MEMORY:THE NATURE OF FORGETTING, Release from PI, Central Executive
  28. Memory:Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, Long Term Memory, Different kinds of LTM
  29. Memory:Spread of Activation, Associative Priming, Implications, More Priming
  30. Memory:Interference, The Critical Assumption, Limited capacity
  31. Memory:Interference, Historical Memories, Recall versus Recognition
  32. Memory:Are forgotten memories lost forever?
  33. Memory:Recognition of lost memories, Representation of knowledge
  34. Memory:Benefits of Categorization, Levels of Categories
  35. Memory:Prototype, Rosch and Colleagues, Experiments of Stephen Read
  36. Memory:Schema Theory, A European Solution, Generalization hierarchies
  37. Memory:Superset Schemas, Part hierarchy, Slots Have More Schemas
  38. MEMORY:Representation of knowledge (continued), Memory for stories
  39. Memory:Representation of knowledge, PQ4R Method, Elaboration
  40. Memory:Study Methods, Analyze Story Structure, Use Multiple Modalities
  41. Memory:Mental Imagery, More evidence, Kosslyn yet again, Image Comparison
  42. Mental Imagery:Eidetic Imagery, Eidetic Psychotherapy, Hot and cold imagery
  43. Language and thought:Productivity & Regularity, Linguistic Intuition
  44. Cognitive development:Assimilation, Accommodation, Stage Theory
  45. Cognitive Development:Gender Identity, Learning Mathematics, Sensory Memory