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LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT:Push Versus Pull Strategy, Goals of the Logistics System

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Principles of Marketing ­ MGT301
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Lesson ­ 29
Lesson overview and learning objectives:
In today's global marketplace, selling a product is sometimes easier than getting it to customers.
Therefore, physical distribution and logistics management are receiving increased attention from
strategic planners. The task of physical distribution systems is to minimize the total cost of
providing a desired level of customer services while bringing those services to the customer with
the maximum amount of speed. Major logistics functions of order processing, warehousing,
inventory management, and transportation are discussed and explored in today's Lesson.
LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT
A. Push Versus Pull Strategy:
A promotion strategy that calls for using the sales force and trade promotion to push the product
through the channel is called push strategy. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the
wholesalers promote to retailers and the retailers promote to consumers. While the pull strategy is
the promotional strategy that
calls for spending a lot on
advertising
and
consumer
Marketing
Demand
activities
promotion
to
build
up
Interme-
Producer
End users
diaries
consumer demand; if successful,
Demand
consumer will ask their retailers
Push Strategy
for the product, the retailer will
ask  the  wholesalers  and
Marketing activities
wholesalers  will  ask  the
producers. So these are two
Demand
Demand
Interme-
Producer
End users
strategies
through
which
diaries
availability of products can be
Pull St rategy
created in the market for final
consumers.
B. Physical Distribution and Logistics Management
Companies must decide on the best way to store, handle, and move their products and services so
that they are available to customers in the right assortments, at the right time, and in the right
place. Logistics effectiveness has a major impact on both customer satisfaction and company costs.
Here we consider the nature and importance of marketing logistics, goals of the logistics system, major logistics
functions, and the need for integrated logistics management.
a. Nature and Importance of Physical Distribution and Marketing Logistics
To some managers, physical distribution means only trucks and warehouses. But modern logistics
is much more than this. Physical distribution--or marketing logistics--involves planning,
implementing, and controlling the physical flow of materials, final goods, and related information
from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit. In
short, it involves getting the right product to the right customer in the right place at the right time.
Traditional physical distribution typically started with products at the plant and then tried to find
low-cost solutions to get them to customers. However, today's marketers prefer market logistics
thinking, which starts with the marketplace and works backward to the factory. Logistics addresses
not only the problem of outbound distribution (moving products from the factory to customers)
but also the problem of inbound distribution (moving products and materials from suppliers to the
factory).
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It involves the management of entire supply chains, value-added flows from suppliers to final users,
as shown in Figure . Thus, the logistics manager's task is to coordinate activities of suppliers,
purchasing agents, marketers, channel members, and customers. These activities include
forecasting, information systems, purchasing, production planning, order processing, inventory,
warehousing, and transportation planning.
Companies today are placing greater emphasis on logistics for several reasons. First, customer
service and satisfaction have become the cornerstones of marketing strategy, and distribution is an
important customer service element. More and more, companies are finding that they can attract
and keep customers by giving better service or lower prices through better physical distribution.
Second, logistics is a major cost element for most companies. According to one study, in a recent
year American companies "spent $670 billion--a gaping 10.5 percent of gross domestic product--
to wrap, bundle, load, unload, sort, reload, and transport goods." About 15 percent of an average
product's price is
accounted for by
shipping
and
transport
alone.
Su ppl y Chai n M anageme nt
Poor
physical
distribution
decisions result in
high
costs.
Improvements  in
physical
distribution
efficiency can yield
tremendous
cost
savings for both
the company and
its customers.
Third,
the
explosion
in
product variety has
created a need for
improved logistics
management. Finally, improvements in information technology have created opportunities for
major gains in distribution efficiency. The increased use of computers, point-of-sale scanners,
uniform product codes, satellite tracking, electronic data interchange (EDI), and electronic funds
transfer (EFT) has allowed companies to create advanced systems for order processing, inventory
control and handling, and transportation routing and scheduling.
b. Goals of the Logistics System
Some companies state their logistics objective as providing maximum customer service at the least
cost. Unfortunately, no logistics system can both maximize customer service and minimize
distribution costs. Maximum customer service implies rapid delivery, large inventories, flexible
assortments, liberal returns policies, and other services--all of which raise distribution costs. In
contrast, minimum distribution costs imply slower delivery, smaller inventories, and larger shipping
lots--which represent a lower level of overall customer service.
The goal of the marketing logistics system should be to provide a targeted level of customer
service at the least cost. A company must first research the importance of various distribution
services to its customers and then set desired service levels for each segment. The company
normally will want to offer at least the same level of service as its competitors do. But the objective
is to maximize profits, not sales. Therefore, the company must weigh the benefits of providing
higher levels of service against the costs. Some companies offer less service than their competitors
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and charge a lower price. Other companies offer more service and charge higher prices to cover
higher costs.
c. Major Logistics Functions
Given a set of logistics objectives, the company is ready to design a logistics system that will
minimize the cost of attaining these objectives. The major logistics functions include order processing,
warehousing, inventory management, and transportation.
i.
Order Processing
Orders can be submitted in many ways--by mail or telephone, through salespeople, or via
computer and EDI. In some cases, the suppliers might actually generate orders for their customers:
Once received, orders must be processed quickly and accurately. Both the company and its
customers benefit when order processing is carried out efficiently. Most companies now use
computerized order-processing systems that speed up the order­shipping­billing cycle. For
example, General Electric operates a computer-based system that, on receipt of a customer's order,
checks the customer's credit standing as well as whether and where the items are in stock. The
computer then issues an order to ship, bills the customer, updates the inventory records, sends a
production order for new stock, and relays the message back to the salesperson that the customer's
order is on its way--all in less than 15 seconds.
ii.
Warehousing
Every company must store its goods while they wait to be sold. A storage function is needed
because production and consumption cycles rarely match. A company must decide on how many
and what types of warehouses it needs and where they will be located. The company might use either
storage warehouses or distribution centers. Storage warehouses store goods for moderate to long periods.
Distribution centers are designed to move goods rather than just store them. They are large and
highly automated warehouses designed to receive goods from various plants and suppliers, take
orders, fill them efficiently, and deliver goods to customers as quickly as possible.
Warehousing facilities and equipment technology have improved greatly in recent years. Older,
multistoried warehouses with outdated materials-handling methods are facing competition from
newer, single-storied automated warehouses with advanced materials-handling systems under the
control of a central computer. In these warehouses, only a few employees are necessary.
Computers read orders and direct lift trucks, electric hoists, or robots to gather goods, move them
to loading docks, and issue invoices. These warehouses have reduced worker injuries, labor costs,
theft, and breakage and have improved inventory control.
iii.
Inventory
Inventory levels also affect customer satisfaction. The major problem is to maintain the delicate
balance between carrying too much inventory and carrying too little. Carrying too much inventory
results in higher-than-necessary inventory-carrying costs and stock obsolescence. Carrying too little
may result in stock outs, costly emergency shipments or production, and customer dissatisfaction.
In making inventory decisions, management must balance the costs of carrying larger inventories
against resulting sales and profits.
During the past decade, many companies have greatly reduced their inventories and related costs
through just-in-time logistics systems. Through such systems, producers and retailers carry only
small inventories of parts or merchandise, often only enough for a few days of operations. New
stock arrives exactly when needed, rather than being stored in inventory until being used. Just-in-
time systems require accurate forecasting along with fast, frequent, and flexible delivery so that
new supplies will be available when needed. However, these systems result in substantial savings in
inventory-carrying and handling costs.
iv.
Transportation
Marketers need to take an interest in their company's transportation decisions. The choice of
transportation carriers affects the pricing of products, delivery performance, and condition of the
goods when they arrive--all of which will affect customer satisfaction. In shipping goods to its
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warehouses, dealers, and customers, the company can choose among five transportation modes:
rail, truck, water, pipeline, and air.
Railroads are the nation's largest carrier, accounting for 26 percent of total cargo ton-miles moved.
They are one of the most cost-effective modes for shipping large amounts of bulk products--coal,
sand, minerals, farm and forest products--over long distances. In recent years, railroads have
increased their customer services by designing new equipment to handle special categories of
goods, providing flatcars for carrying truck trailers by rail (piggyback), and providing in-transit
services such as the diversion of shipped goods to other destinations en route and the processing
of goods en route. Thus, after decades of losing out to truckers, railroads appear ready for a
comeback.
Trucks have increased their share of transportation steadily and now account for 24 percent of total
cargo ton-miles (over 52 percent of actual tonnage). They account for the largest portion of
transportation within cities as opposed to between cities. Trucks are highly flexible in their routing
and time schedules, and they can usually offer faster service than railroads. They are efficient for
short hauls of high-value merchandise. Trucking firms have added many services in recent years.
Pipelines are a specialized means of shipping petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals from sources to
markets. Most pipelines are used by their owners to ship their own products.
Although air carriers transport less than 1 percent of the nation's goods, they are becoming more
important as a transportation mode. Air freight rates are much higher than rail or truck rates, but
air freight is ideal when speed is needed or distant markets have to be reached. Among the most
frequently air-freighted products are perishables (fresh fish, cut flowers) and high-value, low-bulk
items (technical instruments, jewelry). Companies find that air freight also reduces inventory levels,
packaging costs, and the number of warehouses needed.
Shippers increasingly are using intermodal transportation--combining two or more modes of
transportation. Piggyback describes the use of rail and trucks; fishyback, water and trucks; trainship,
water and rail; and airtruck, air and trucks. Combining modes provides advantages that no single
mode can deliver. Each combination offers advantages to the shipper. For example, not only is
piggyback cheaper than trucking alone but it also provides flexibility and convenience.
In choosing a transportation mode for a product, shippers must balance many considerations:
speed, dependability, availability, cost, and others. Thus, if a shipper needs speed, air and truck are
the prime choices. If the goal is low cost, then water or pipeline might be best. Shipping costs are
often a significant portion of the marketing costs of a product. It is often difficult for businesses to
pass on these higher costs to customers when there are active competitors. One option is to reduce
dependence on the unreliable transportation. However, that may not be possible for some
businesses. As the case you just read suggests, a company's physical distribution and transportation
flexibility is an important part of its marketing decisions, a factor that could make or break its
ability to serve its customers.
d. Integrated Logistics Management
Today, more and more companies are adopting the concept of integrated logistics management.
This concept recognizes that providing better customer service and trimming distribution costs
requires teamwork, both inside the company and among all the marketing channel organizations.
Inside, the company's various functional departments must work closely together to maximize the
company's own logistics performance. Outside, the company must integrate its logistics system
with those of its suppliers and customers to maximize the performance of the entire distribution
system.
Cross-Functional Teamwork Inside the Company
In most companies, responsibility for various logistics activities is assigned to many different
functional units--marketing, sales, finance, manufacturing, purchasing. Too often, each function
tries to optimize its own logistics performance without regard for the activities of the other
functions. However, transportation, inventory, warehousing, and order-processing activities
interact, often in an inverse way. For example, lower inventory levels reduce inventory-carrying
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costs. But they may also reduce customer service and increase costs from stock outs, back orders,
special production runs, and costly fast-freight shipments. Because distribution activities involve
strong trade-offs, decisions by different functions must be coordinated to achieve superior overall
logistics performance.
The goal of integrated logistics management is to harmonize all of the company's distribution
decisions. Close working relationships among functions can be achieved in several ways. Some
companies have created permanent logistics committees made up of managers responsible for
different physical distribution activities. Companies can also create management positions that link
the logistics activities of functional areas. Many companies have a vice president of logistics with
cross-functional authority. The important thing is that the company coordinate its logistics and
marketing activities to create high market satisfaction at a reasonable cost.
e. Building Channel Partnerships
The members of a distribution channel are linked closely in delivering customer satisfaction and
value. One company's distribution system is another company's supply system. The success of each
channel member depends on the performance of the entire supply chain. Companies must do
more than improve their own logistics. They must also work with other channel members to
improve whole-channel distribution. Today, smart companies are coordinating their logistics
strategies and building strong partnerships with suppliers and customers to improve customer
service and reduce channel costs.
These channel partnerships can take many forms. Many companies have created cross-functional,
cross-company teams.
Other companies partner through shared projects. For example, many larger retailers are working
closely with suppliers on in-store programs. Channel partnerships may also take the form of
information sharing and continuous inventory replenishment systems. Companies manage their supply
chains through information. Suppliers link up with customers to share information and coordinate
their logistics decisions. Here are just two examples:
Today, as a result of such partnerships, many companies have switched from anticipatory-based
distribution systems to response-based distribution systems. In anticipatory distribution, the company
produces the amount of goods called for by a sales forecast. It builds and holds stock at various
supply points, such as the plant, distribution centers, and retail outlets. A response-based
distribution system, in contrast, is customer triggered. The producer continuously builds and replaces
stock as orders arrive. It produces what is currently selling.
f. Third-Party Logistics
Companies may use third-party logistics providers for several reasons. First, because getting the
product to market is their main focus, these providers can often do it more efficiently and at lower
cost than clients whose strengths lie elsewhere. According to one study, outsourcing warehousing
alone typically results in 10 percent to 15 percent cost savings. Another expert estimates that
companies can save 15 percent to 25 percent in their total logistics costs by outsourcing. Second,
outsourcing logistics frees a company to focus more intensely on its core business. Finally,
integrated logistics companies understand increasingly complex logistics environments. This can be
especially helpful to companies attempting to expand their global market coverage.
KEY TERMS (Lesson # 28-29)
distribution channel
A set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service
available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user.
Channel level
A layer of intermediaries that performs some work in bringing the product and its ownership
closer to the final buyer.
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Direct marketing channel
A marketing channel that has no intermediary levels.
Indirect marketing channel
Channel containing one or more intermediary levels.
Channel conflict
Disagreement among marketing channel members on goals and roles--who should do what and
for what rewards.
Conventional distribution channel
A channel consisting of one or more independent producers, wholesalers, and retailers, each a
separate business seeking to maximize its own profits even at the expense of profits for the system
as a whole.
Vertical Marketing System (VMS)
A distribution channel structure in which producers, wholesales, and retailers act as a unified
system. One channel member owns the others, has contracts with them, or has so much power
that they all cooperate
Corporate VMS
A vertical marketing system that combines successive stages of production and distribution under
single ownership--channel leadership is established through common ownership.
Contractual VMS
A vertical marketing system in which independent firms at different levels of production and
distribution join together through contracts to obtain more economies or sales impact than they
could achieve alone.
Franchise organization
A contractual vertical marketing system in which a channel member, called a franchiser, links
several stages in the production-distribution process.
Administered VMS
A vertical marketing system that coordinates successive stages of production and distribution, not
through common ownership or contractual ties but through the size and power of one of the
parties.
Horizontal marketing system
A channel arrangement in which two or more companies at one level join together to follow a new
marketing opportunity.
Hybrid marketing channel
Multi channel distribution system in which a single firm sets up two or more marketing channels to
reach one or more customer segments.
Intensive distribution
Stocking the product in as many outlets as possible.
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Exclusive distribution
Giving a limited number of dealers the exclusive right to distribute the company's products in their
territories.
Selective distribution
The use of more than one, but fewer than all, of the intermediaries who are willing to carry the
company's products.
Physical distribution (or marketing logistics)
The tasks involved in planning, implementing, and controlling the physical flow of materials, final
goods, and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer
requirements at a profit.
Distribution center
A large, highly automated warehouse designed to receive goods from various plants and suppliers,
take orders, fill them efficiently, and deliver goods to customers as quickly as possible.
Integrated logistics management
The logistics concept that emphasizes teamwork, both inside the company and among all the
marketing channel organizations, to maximize the performance of the entire distribution system.
Third-party logistics provider
An independent logistics provider that performs any or all of the functions required to get their
clients' product to market.
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Table of Contents:
  1. PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING:Introduction of Marketing, How is Marketing Done?
  2. ROAD MAP:UNDERSTANDING MARKETING AND MARKETING PROCESS
  3. MARKETING FUNCTIONS:CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT
  4. MARKETING IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND EVOLUTION OF MARKETING:End of the Mass Market
  5. MARKETING CHALLENGES IN THE 21st CENTURY:Connections with Customers
  6. STRATEGIC PLANNING AND MARKETING PROCESS:Setting Company Objectives and Goals
  7. PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS:MARKETING PROCESS,Marketing Strategy Planning Process
  8. MARKETING PROCESS:Analyzing marketing opportunities, Contents of Marketing Plan
  9. MARKETING ENVIRONMENT:The Company’s Microenvironment, Customers
  10. MARKETING MACRO ENVIRONMENT:Demographic Environment, Cultural Environment
  11. ANALYZING MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES AND DEVELOPING STRATEGIES:MIS, Marketing Research
  12. THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS:Developing the Research Plan, Research Approaches
  13. THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS (Continued):CONSUMER MARKET
  14. CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR:Model of consumer behavior, Cultural Factors
  15. CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR (CONTINUED):Personal Factors, Psychological Factors
  16. BUSINESS MARKETS AND BUYING BEHAVIOR:Market structure and demand
  17. MARKET SEGMENTATION:Steps in Target Marketing, Mass Marketing
  18. MARKET SEGMENTATION (CONTINUED):Market Targeting, How Many Differences to Promote
  19. Product:Marketing Mix, Levels of Product and Services, Consumer Products
  20. PRODUCT:Individual product decisions, Product Attributes, Branding
  21. PRODUCT:NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, Idea generation, Test Marketing
  22. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT:PRODUCT LIFE- CYCLE STAGES AND STRATEGIES
  23. KEY TERMS:New-product development, Idea generation, Product development
  24. Price the 2nd P of Marketing Mix:Marketing Objectives, Costs, The Market and Demand
  25. PRICE THE 2ND P OF MARKETING MIX:General Pricing Approaches, Fixed Cost
  26. PRICE THE 2ND P OF MARKETING MIX:Discount and Allowance Pricing, Segmented Pricing
  27. PRICE THE 2ND P OF MARKETING MIX:Price Changes, Initiating Price Increases
  28. PLACE- THE 3RD P OF MARKETING MIX:Marketing Channel, Channel Behavior
  29. LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT:Push Versus Pull Strategy, Goals of the Logistics System
  30. RETAILING AND WHOLESALING:Customer Service, Product Line, Discount Stores
  31. KEY TERMS:Distribution channel, Franchise organization, Distribution center
  32. PROMOTION THE 4TH P OF MARKETING MIX:Integrated Marketing Communications
  33. ADVERTISING:The Five M’s of Advertising, Advertising decisions
  34. ADVERTISING:SALES PROMOTION, Evaluating Advertising, Sales Promotion
  35. PERSONAL SELLING:The Role of the Sales Force, Builds Relationships
  36. SALES FORCE MANAGEMENT:Managing the Sales Force, Compensating Salespeople
  37. SALES FORCE MANAGEMENT:DIRECT MARKETING, Forms of Direct Marketing
  38. DIRECT MARKETING:PUBLIC RELATIONS, Major Public Relations Decisions
  39. KEY TERMS:Public relations, Advertising, Catalog Marketing
  40. CREATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE:Competitor Analysis, Competitive Strategies
  41. GLOBAL MARKETING:International Trade System, Economic Environment
  42. E-MARKETING:Internet Marketing, Electronic Commerce, Basic-Forms
  43. MARKETING AND SOCIETY:Social Criticisms of Marketing, Marketing Ethics
  44. MARKETING:BCG MATRIX, CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, PRODUCT AND SERVICES
  45. A NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT:PRICING STRATEGIES, GLOBAL MARKET PLACE