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FINAL REVIEW:Social Psychology and related fields, History, Social cognition

<< SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN CLINIC
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Social Psychology (PSY403)
VU
Lesson 45
FINAL REVIEW
Aims:
·  To understand the syllabus and content of social psychology in relation to important questions of
interest
Objectives:
·  To discuss various theoretical concepts of social psychology
·  To describe the link between various concepts of social psychology
·  To discuss the practicality of social psychology concepts
Final Review
The syllabus of social psychology actually consisted on following first 4 sections. The last and fifth section,
however, is based on the practical use of various concepts learned in these four sections.
Section I: Overview
Section II: Thinking about the Self and Others
Sections III: Evaluating Persons and Relationships
Section IV: Social Interactions
Section V: Social Psychology Applied
Section I: Overview of Social Psychology
Introduction
"A discipline that uses scientific methods in "an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling
and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others" (Gordon
Allport, 1985, p. 3).
Other influences on feeling, though and behavior of an individual:
·  Broad group level explanations, i.e., evolutionary and cultural factors
·  Individual-level explanations: such as childhood experiences, and family history
·  Mediating variables: internal factors such as personality traits, and attitudes.
Social Psychology and related fields
·  Sociology
·  Biology
·  Personality Psychology
The profession of Social Psychology
PhD level social psychologists are mostly working in universities, while M.Sc. level are working in divers
efields.
History: (1884-present)
Conducting Social Psychology Research
·  Characteristics of empirical research and scientific method
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Social Psychology (PSY403)
VU
·
Research process: Steps in conducting Research
o  Develop a research question & review literature
o  Develop a research theory/ hypothesis
o  Variables and operational definitions
o  Choose a research design
o  Evaluate the ethics
o  Collect data
o  Analyze data and form conclusions
o  Report research results
·
Most Common Research Methods
o  Observation
o  Correlational
o  Experimental:
·
Other Methods:
o  Meta analysis
o  Emerging technologies:
Internet research
Brain imaging
Virtual environment technology
Section II: Thinking about the Self and Others
The self
·  Contemporary Self Theories Based on the insights of George Herbert Mead and William James
·  The "I" is the active perceiver, initiator, and regulator of action; the "me" is the knowledge one has
about oneself.
·  Culture, family affecting self schemas
·  Self-esteem
How do we know the self?
·  Reflecting on individual characteristics:
·
Using the social context:
Person perception
·  Impression formation:
o  by nonverbal (facial expressions & movement), and
o  verbal communications (paralanguages)
·  Commonly shared meanings of many physical gestures as well as culturally different.
·
Impression formation with traits: central vs. peripheral traits
·
Integrating impressions:
o  Averaging principle
o  Implicit personality theory
o  Halo, primacy & recency effects
·
When is person perception most challenging?
o  Perceiving baby faces
Detecting lies: cues to deception
o
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Social Psychology (PSY403)
VU
Attributions:
Three dimensions of attributing causality:
·  Locus of causality (Heider, 1958)
·  Stability & controllability (Weiner, 1982)
Biases in the Attribution Process
·  Fundamental Attribution Error
·  Actor-Observer Bias
·  False Consensus Effect
·  The Self-Serving Attribution Bias
·  The ultimate attribution error
Social cognition
·
We understand world by:
o  social categorization and
o  schemas
·
Cognitive misers:
o  Representativeness heuristics
o  Availability heuristics
·
How do past and expectations shape our social thinking?
o  Social cognition as a result of recollection of past events: hindsight bias, counterfactual
thinking
Due to expectations:
o
False consensus effect
Confirmation bias
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Belief in Just World
Learned helplessness
Part III: Evaluating Persons and Relationships
Attitudes
·  Components "ABC",
·  Attitude formation:
o  Mere Exposure
o  Classical conditioning
o  Operant conditioning
o  Self-perception theory
o  Facial and posture feedback
o  Functional
·
Attitude and behavior
·
Attitude change:
o  Cognitive dissonance
o  Persuation:
Message variables
Audience variables
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Social Psychology (PSY403)
VU
Prejudice & Discrimination
·
Explanations of prejudice
o  Cognitive sources - Categorizing people
o  Emotional sources ­ scapegoating, Authoritarian personalities
o  Social sources-
Social inequalities, Social identity, Social
competition
·  Reducing prejudice & discrimination
Contact hypothesis
o
Recategorization
o
Interpersonal Attraction
·  Situational factors
o  Proximity
o  Familiarity
o  Anxiety)
·  Other Factors
o  Physical attractiveness
o  Similarity
o  Desirable attributes
Close Relationships
Attachment styles & later adult relationships
·  secure, preoccupied, Dismissing-avoidant, Fearful-avoidant
Section IV: Social Interactions
Social influence
·  Conformity
·  Obedience
·  Compliance
Aggression
·  Gender and personality
·  Explanations
o  Biological
o  Cathartic
o  Cognitive neoassociationist model
o  Social learning theory
·
Reducing aggression
o  Punishment
o  Induce incompatible responses
o  Reduce frustration
o  Teach nonaggressive responses
Prosocial Behavior
·
Why do we help?
·
When do we help?
·
Bystander intervention model
·
Emotional arousal & Cost-Reward assessments
·
Who helps? Mood, gender differences?
·
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Social Psychology (PSY403)
VU
Group Behavior
·  Influence of group
o  Social facilitation
o  Social loafing
o  Deindividuation
·  Group decisions
·  group think
Interpersonal Power: Leadership
·  Theories of leadership
·  Types of leadershio
·  How do leaders wield power?
Section V: Social Psychology Applied
·
Use of social psychology in court
·
Use of social psychology in clinic
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY:Readings, Main Elements of Definitions
  2. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY:Social Psychology and Sociology
  3. CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY:Scientific Method
  4. CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY:Evaluate Ethics
  5. CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH PROCESS, DESIGNS AND METHODS (CONTINUED)
  6. CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OBSERVATIONAL METHOD
  7. CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CORRELATIONAL METHOD:
  8. CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
  9. THE SELF:Meta Analysis, THE INTERNET, BRAIN-IMAGING TECHNIQUES
  10. THE SELF (CONTINUED):Development of Self awareness, SELF REGULATION
  11. THE SELF (CONTINUE…….):Journal Activity, POSSIBLE HISTORICAL EFFECTS
  12. THE SELF (CONTINUE……….):SELF-SCHEMAS, SELF-COMPLEXITY
  13. PERSON PERCEPTION:Impression Formation, Facial Expressions
  14. PERSON PERCEPTION (CONTINUE…..):GENDER SOCIALIZATION, Integrating Impressions
  15. PERSON PERCEPTION: WHEN PERSON PERCEPTION IS MOST CHALLENGING
  16. ATTRIBUTION:The locus of causality, Stability & Controllability
  17. ATTRIBUTION ERRORS:Biases in Attribution, Cultural differences
  18. SOCIAL COGNITION:We are categorizing creatures, Developing Schemas
  19. SOCIAL COGNITION (CONTINUE…….):Counterfactual Thinking, Confirmation bias
  20. ATTITUDES:Affective component, Behavioral component, Cognitive component
  21. ATTITUDE FORMATION:Classical conditioning, Subliminal conditioning
  22. ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR:Theory of planned behavior, Attitude strength
  23. ATTITUDE CHANGE:Factors affecting dissonance, Likeability
  24. ATTITUDE CHANGE (CONTINUE……….):Attitudinal Inoculation, Audience Variables
  25. PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION:Activity on Cognitive Dissonance, Categorization
  26. PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION (CONTINUE……….):Religion, Stereotype threat
  27. REDUCING PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION:The contact hypothesis
  28. INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION:Reasons for affiliation, Theory of Social exchange
  29. INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION (CONTINUE……..):Physical attractiveness
  30. INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS:Applied Social Psychology Lab
  31. SOCIAL INFLUENCE:Attachment styles & Friendship, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
  32. SOCIAL INFLUENCE (CONTINE………):Normative influence, Informational influence
  33. SOCIAL INFLUENCE (CONTINUE……):Crimes of Obedience, Predictions
  34. AGGRESSION:Identifying Aggression, Instrumental aggression
  35. AGGRESSION (CONTINUE……):The Cognitive-Neo-associationist Model
  36. REDUCING AGGRESSION:Punishment, Incompatible response strategy
  37. PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR:Types of Helping, Reciprocal helping, Norm of responsibility
  38. PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR (CONTINUE………):Bystander Intervention, Diffusion of responsibility
  39. GROUP BEHAVIOR:Applied Social Psychology Lab, Basic Features of Groups
  40. GROUP BEHAVIOR (CONTINUE…………):Social Loafing, Deindividuation
  41. up Decision GROUP BEHAVIOR (CONTINUE……….):GroProcess, Group Polarization
  42. INTERPERSONAL POWER: LEADERSHIP, The Situational Perspective, Information power
  43. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN COURT
  44. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN CLINIC
  45. FINAL REVIEW:Social Psychology and related fields, History, Social cognition