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GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY:GENDER, AFFILIATION AND FRIENDSHIP

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Gender Issues In Psychology (PSY - 512)
VU
Men and women are not different, and are similar, in reciprocity in self-disclosure; if the intimacy of the
disclosure is increased by one person, the other person will be likely to respond similarly (Cozby, 1973).
GENDER, AFFILIATION AND FRIENDSHIP
Some gender differences have been found in affiliation and friendship patterns. Robert Hays and Diana Oxley
(1986) report that first-year university resident students' social networks were different in some respects; As
compared to women, men included more females in their social network. The exchange of informational and
emotional support with friends was higher in females. In terms of interactions with family members, males and
females were alike, but within their networks, females interacted more. The friendship pattern also varies with
gender. Verbal communication is an important element in female friendships; female friendships depend more
on verbal exchange. In case of male friendships, these evolve from shared activities (Hays, 1985). Some studies
have revealed that in interpersonal communication, males use less touching than females.
GENDER AND ALTRUISM
Altruism is "a special form of helping behavior that is voluntary, costly, and motivated by a desire to improve
another person's welfare, rather than by the anticipation of reward" (Deaux, Dane, and Wrightsman, 1993). It
is the "helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice" (Feldman, 2002). As far as
willingness to indulge into altruistic behavior or self-sacrifice, for others' welfare is concerned, more females
than males report this willingness. However, there is no clear cut empirical evidence to suggest if there are any
differences in the actual performance of altruistic behavior (Rushton et al., 1986; Sennecker, and Hendrick,
1983). Women are more likely to provide help and emotional support in connection with their traditional role
as nurturers (Brody, 1990; Eagly, and Crowley, 1986; Pleck, 1985). However in situations involving dangerous
emergencies, men are more likely to intervene. In a study reported by Huston and others (1981), all people in
their sample, who intervene to stop criminals, were men. As part of their traditional role, males are expected to
behave heroically in dangerous situations. Men and woman both may consider the consequences of their
behaviors in risky situations, but their perceptions and patterns may be different. Men may perceive the costs
of intervening in risky situations to be lower than women do, since men are physically stronger and more likely
to have relevant skills such as self-defense training (Huston et al., 1981).
GENDER SELF CONFIDENCE AND SELF ESTEEM
When asked to perform a task, especially a new one, females hesitate more than men. If woman are given a task
particularly the one usually associated with a male role, women tend to be less self confidence than men;
whereas actually they may perform the same way as men did (Beyer, 1990; Lenney, 1977). Although the gender
difference in self-esteem may not be huge, men generally score higher than women; a number of factors
contribute to this difference. Women's perception of their sense of interdependence and connection with
others largely influences their self-esteem. Men's self-esteem on the other hand has roots in their assessment of
their unique characteristics and abilities, traits that help them distinguish themselves form other people
(Feingold, 1994; King et al., 1999). Some studies have reported gender differences in terms of how people
make positive assessments of their abilities, and their potential for future success. Women generally evaluate
themselves more harshly than men. In one survey first-year college students were asked to rate themselves as
being above or below average. More men than women rated themselves as above average. They felt they were
above average in overall academic and mathematical ability, competitiveness, an emotional health (Gabriel,
Critelli, and Ee, 1994; Orenstein, 2001).
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION:Common misconception, Some questions to ponder
  2. FEMINIST MOVEMENT:Forms or Varieties of Feminism, First wave feminists
  3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:Functionalism, Psychoanalytic Psychology:
  4. Gender- related Research:Andocentricity, Overgeneralizing, Gender Blindness
  5. RESEARCH METHODS FOR GENDER ISSUES:The Procedure of Content Analysis
  6. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:Limitations Of Quantitative Research
  7. BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERSHormones and Chromosomes
  8. BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS: HORMONES AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
  9. THEORIES OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT:The Biological Approach,
  10. THEORIES OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT (2):The Behavioral Approach
  11. THEORIES OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT (3):The Cognitive Approach
  12. THEORIES OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT (3):Psychoanalytic Feminism
  13. OTHER APPROACHES:The Humanistic Approach, Cultural Influences
  14. GENDER TYPING AND STEREOTYPING:Development of sex-typing
  15. GENDER STEREOTYPES:Some commonly held Gender Stereotypes
  16. Developmental Stages of Gender Stereotypes:Psychoanalytic Approach, Hostile sexism
  17. CULTURAL INFLUENCE & GENDER ROLES:Arapesh, Mundugumor
  18. DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER ROLE IDENTIFICATION:Gender Role Preference
  19. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY:GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BULLYING
  20. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY:GENDER, AFFILIATION AND FRIENDSHIP
  21. COGNITIVE DIFFERENCES:Gender Differences in I.Q, Gender and Verbal Ability
  22. GENDER AND MEDIA:Print Media and Portrayal of Genders
  23. GENDER AND EMOTION:The components of Emotions
  24. GENDER, EMOTION, & MOTIVATION:Affiliation, Love, Jealousy
  25. GENDER AND EDUCATION:Impact of Educational Deprivation
  26. GENDER, WORK AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT:Informal Work
  27. GENDER, WORK AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT (2):Glass-Ceiling Effect
  28. GENDER, WORK & RELATED ISSUES:Sexual Harassment at Workplace
  29. GENDER AND VIOLENCE:Domestic Violence, Patriarchal terrorism
  30. GENDER AND HEALTH:The Significance of Women’s Health
  31. GENDER, HEALTH, AND AGING:Genetic Protection, Behavioral Factors
  32. GENDER, HEALTH, AND AGING:Physiological /Biological Effects, Changes in Appearance
  33. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AGING:Marriage and Loneliness, Empty Nest Syndrome
  34. GENDER AND HEALTH PROMOTING BEHAVIORS:Fitness and Exercise
  35. GENDER AND HEALTH PROMOTING BEHAVIOR:The Classic Alameda County Study
  36. GENDER AND HEART DISEASE:Angina Pectoris, The Risk factors in CHD
  37. GENDER AND CANCER:The Trend of Mortality Rates from Cancer
  38. GENDER AND HIV/AIDS:Symptoms of AIDS, Mode of Transmission
  39. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALES’ REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
  40. OBESITY AND WEIGHT CONTROL:Consequences of Obesity, Eating Disorders
  41. GENDER AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY:Gender, Stress and Coping
  42. GENDER AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY:The Diagnostic Criteria
  43. GENDER AND PSYCHOTHERAPY:Traditional Versus Feminist Theory
  44. FEMINIST THERAPY:Changes targeted at societal level
  45. COURSE REVIEW AND DISCUSSION OF NEW AVENUES FOR RESEARCH IN GENDER ISSUES