JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGY AND VIOLENCE:Freudian Methods, JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGY

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Forensic Psychology (PSY - 513)

Lesson 11

JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGY

AND VIOLENCE

Objective:

To understand the basic concepts of typology

To become more familiar with Extraversion and Introversion

To have an understanding of the Four psychological Functions

Topic from previous lesson

Defense mechanisms and violence

Now let's have a look at that how defense mechanisms provide foundation stone for violence and

aggression.

Denial and violence: If some is not accepting the reality and determine that he will prove the truth,

result can be violence

Repression and violence: fighting with one's own hidden desires, like if some one is abundant with

unconscious sexual desires may start fighting against immorality.

Rationalization and violence: all violence involves some kind of rationalization, like countries make

lame excuses for war and crusade against other countries.

Projection and violence: you can attack other people if you have some thing evil in your self like

fighting with one's own evil desires in shape of social "jihad".

Displacement and violence: displacement usually results in assault and violence like aggression on

boss can be displaced to wife and wife will preempt her aggression on children and elder children will

dislodge their anger on younger siblings and younger child may kick a cat. Turning against the self is

another very special form of displacement, where the person becomes their own substitute target ans

suicide can be the result. It is normally used in reference to hatred, anger, and aggression, rather than

more positive impulses, and it is the Freudian explanation for many of our feelings of inferiority, guilt,

and depression. The idea that depression is often the result of the anger we refuse to acknowledge is

accepted by many people.

Regression and violence: A reversion to immature patterns of behavior can lead to assault for instance

a child picks a candy from table and 200 pounds heavy regressed man (thinking he is only 5) can beat

that child and consequences can be threatening.

Overcompensation and violence: Making up for frustration in one area by over-gratification in another

like excessive eating, use of drugs, going to prostitutes e.t.c.

Acting Out and violence: Manifestation of emotional anxiety into physical symptoms, so violence and

assault is very likely as person already brings out the conflicts in the shape of physical attacks.

Splitting and violence: viewing other people as perfectly good or bad, so exaggerated thinking that

other is evil and bad can lead to violence.

Freudian Methods

Hypnosis to Free Association

Freud started the use of Free association, after he became dissatisfied with the hypnosis-based

"cathartic" treatment of hysterical symptoms practiced by his colleague Josef Breuer (1842-1925)

Forensic Psychology (PSY - 513)

For free association to be effective, it is important for the patient to share his or her thoughts freely

without regard to whether they are logical, consistent, or socially appropriate. Even thoughts that seem

trivial, bizarre, or embarrassing should be reported without hesitation. Initially, free association can be

difficult, because people are accustomed to editing their thoughts, presenting them in a logical, linear

fashion, and leaving out potentially embarrassing material. However, the technique becomes more

comfortable with practice and with encouragement by the therapist.

Dream Interpretation.

Freud spent many years hypothesizing about the role of dreams and their interpretation. He defines the

states of sleep to be a period of uproar and chaos during which the unconscious thoughts of the id

attempt to force their way into consciousness (Freud, 1949, p. 38). In order to interpret a dream,

which develops from either the id or the ego, certain assumptions must be made, including the

acknowledgment that what is recalled from a dream is only a front wall behind which the meaning must

be inferred. Dreams are undoubtedly caused by conflict and are characterized by their power to bring up

memories that the dreamer has forgotten their strong use of symbolism, and their ability to reproduce

repressed impressions of the dreamer's childhood (Freud, 1949, p. 40). In addition, dreams, which are

fulfillments of wishes, according to Freud (1949), are capable of bringing up impressions that cannot

have originated from the dreamer's life (Freud, 1949, p. 45).Insight is gain through continuous

process of interpretation.

JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGY

Freud has many followers and one of them was Carl Gustav Jung who was a Swiss psychiatrist and

founder of analytic psychology. He disagreed with Freud on his embellished emphasis on sexual desires.

Jung believed that sexuality is important idea but there are several phenomenons that do not come under

this umbrella. Spiritualism, mysticism and religion are beyond the realm of sexuality and have personal

existence, so he separated from Freud and proposed his own culture, religion and mysticism based ideas.

Carl Jung popularized the notion that people fall into two attitude types and talked about Extraversion

and Introversion as the two ways of responding to the world.

1. Introvert

2. Extrovert

These two elements of the human body are both physical and mental aspects that give us reasons to

most of our actions.

Extroverts

An extrovert is a person is very social they like to go to parties and thinks in a way that centers on and

around the object, the object being a task or a

Extrovert

Introvert

person. They feel the most energized through

interactions with others and feel the most drained or

Outer world

Inner world

down when they are alone.

Exposing feelings

Concealing feelings

Introverts

Unlike extroverts, are more reserved, less outgoing,

Breadth

Depth

and less sociable. Instead of attending a party,

introverts like to stay at home and read a book.

Interaction, action

Concentration,

Introverts get their energy from themselves and are

reflection

drained by people. An introvert is a person who

thinks in a way that centers on his or her own

People, things

Ideas, thoughts

feelings and thoughts about a situation. And are

energized by spending time on solitary activities and

will find being around many people at once bothers them.

According to Jung no one is completely introvert or extrovert, people have both introvert and extrovert

dimensions of personality but only one dimension is dominant.

Forensic Psychology (PSY - 513)

The four Ego Functions

According to Jung, the Ego has four psychological functions, four different fundamental ways of

perceiving and interpreting reality, and two ways of responding to it.

Jung divided people into Thinking, Feeling, Sensation, and Intuition types, arranging these four in a

compass.

Intuition

Feeling

------|------

Thinking

Sensation

Feeling

Thinking

Intuition

These consist of two diametrically-opposed pairs. Thinking is the opposite of Feeling, and Sensation

the opposite of Intuition. So, suggests Jung, if a person has the Thinking function (an analytical, "head"-

type way of looking at the world) highly developed, the Feeling function (the empathetic, value-based

"heart"-type way of looking at things) will be correspondingly undeveloped, and in fact suppressed.

The same goes for Sensation and Intuition. Sensation is orientation "outward" to physical reality, and

Intuition "inward" to psychic reality.

Jung arranges these four functions into two pairs of opposites. Firstly there are the two perceiving (or,

non-rational) functions of Sensation and Intuition. Secondly, there are the two judging (or, rational)

functions of Thinking and Feeling.Jung believes that whichever function dominates consciousness (e.g.,

Thinking), its opposite (e.g., Feeling) will be repressed and therefore will tend to characterise

unconscious functioning.

Sensation-Intuition

Thinking-Feeling

THINKING refers to the faculty of rational analysis; of understanding and responding to things through

the intellect, the "head" so to speak. Thinking means connecting ideas in order to arrive at a general

understanding. The Thinking-type often appears detached and unemotional. The Scientist and the

Philosopher are examples of the "thinking type", which is found more commonly in men.

FEELING is the interpretation of things at a value- level, a "heart"-level rather than a "head"-level.

Feeling evaluates, it accepts or rejects an idea on the basis of whether it is pleasant or unpleasant.

According to Jung this is the emotional personality type, and occurs more frequently in women.

Thinking and Feeling are both rational, in that they both require an act of Judgment. Sensation and

Intuition are both irrational, in that they involve no reason, but simply result from stimuli

(whether external or internal) acting upon the individual.

SENSATION means conscious perception through the sense-organs. The Sensation personality-type

relates to physical stimuli. But there is a difference according to whether the person is an introvert or an

extrovert.

So we could have an Introverted-Sensation type, such as an artist, who experiences the physical world

(sensation) from the perspective of the psychic or inner consciousness (introversion). As opposed to

Forensic Psychology (PSY - 513)

this, the Extroverted-Sensation type would be the person who is a simple materialist or hedonist,

interested only in physical or pragmatic things. This type tends to be realistic and practical. At worst,

one may be crudely sensual. This personality-type occurs more often in men.

Finally, INTUITION is like sensation in that it is an experience which is immediately given to

consciousness rather than arising through mental activity (e.g. thinking or feeling). But it differs in that

it has no physical cause. It constitutes an intuition or hunch, a "gut"-level feeling, or an"ESP"

experience. It is the source of inspiration, creativity, novel ideas, etc. According to Jung, the Intuitive

type jumps from image, is interested in a while, but soon loses interest.

Introvert Sensation Feeling

Such people usually stay at home and take pleasure from small activities and things. like watching

movie or reading a book.

Introvert Sensation Thinking

More likely scientists or musicians fall into this category. Such people like to spend time in laboratories

rather then homes and enjoy sensations of chemicals.

Introvert Intuition Feeling

Usually spiritual personalities, Mystics, one extreme example of such people can be "Majzoob". They

are so much indulged in "zikr-e-Allah" that even do not remember about the prayer time.

Introvert Intuition Thinking

They are spiritual people "derwaish" but live like other ordinary people but on the same time have very

minimal social appearance.

Extrovert Sensation Feeling

Such personalities are driven by their sensation and pleasure seeking all the time. Likes to go to parties

(party animals), no planning of life, likes to socialize with people and driven by materialistic things.

Extrovert Sensation Thinking

Such personalities are also very social but planning and thinking is also involved. Politicians, actors and

actresses fall into this category.

Extrovert Intuition Feeling

These people are easy speakers. They tend to idealize their friends. They make good parents, but have a

tendency to allow themselves to be used. They make good therapists, teachers, executives, and

salespeople. Generally very religious people in the public, who take up issues and causes and feel for

other people and things, persists come under this category.

Extrovert Intuition Thinking

These personalities are well balanced and present a favorable image, they lack feelings but are good

thinkers. Good teachers, communicators fall into this category.

How these types can lead to violence?

Jung's typology is very famous and according to him an imbalance can lead to abnormality and

violence.

Introversion and violence

There are obvious chances that if a person is completely introvert may have strange opinions and

concepts about other people and can misinterpret others, such misunderstanding can lead to various

types of violence and aggressions. Not necessarily all introverts misunderstand others and resort to

violence but in extreme cases violence can be the result.

Forensic Psychology (PSY - 513)

Extroversion and violence

People who are very social and meet an immense number of different personalities may end up with

offending some one, violence can be the scenario.

Sensation Seeking, Feeling and violence

Individuals, who are the slaves of their sensations and feelings, have no planning and connection with

the spirituality, morality and consequences can get involve in drug uses, illegal sexual activities, violent,

aggressive and dangerous behaviors.

Thinking, Intuition and violence

Thinkers and intuitionist usually do not resort to violence.

Collective Unconscious

Collective unconscious is another term of analytical psychology originally used by Carl Jung. This

concept is based on the Freudian concept of unconscious, although Freud did not distinguish between an

"individual psychology" and a "collective psychology", Jung distinguished the collective unconscious

from the personal unconscious particular to each human being. The collective unconscious is also

known as "a reservoir of the experiences of our species." But the problem with Jung's idea is he did

not point out whether it is a universal unconscious or a racial / cultural unconscious as his written

theory pointed out.

Cultural Dreams

Instead of talking about individual dreams Jung gave the notion of cultural dreams. Carl Jung believed

dreams content uses symbolic language. He proposed that a dream expresses collective racial

unconscious memories and instincts shared by all people.

Fairy/Folk Tales

Jung believed that folktales grew out of our "collective unconscious," experiences that are rooted in the

past of all mankind so that stories which grew out of them are found among all peoples.

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