COORDINATION AMONG DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF TELEVISION 3

<< COORDINATION AMONG DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF TELEVISION - 2 SUB-DEPARTMENTS AND SMALL SECTIONS

TV News Reporting and Production MCM 516

LESSON 45

COORDINATION AMONG DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF TELEVISION 3

(TECHNICAL STORE, LIBRARY AND TRAFFIC)

RECAP OF THE COURSE

Lecture # 1

Creativity and idea generation for television

Importance of Television among other media

Other tools of Communication

Purposes of television

Picture is the base of Television Production

Phases in preparation of a TV programme

The functions and responsibilities of a Producer

Video Procedures/ Production

TV Production Crew Positions

Future Trends-High Definition Television

Lecture # 2

Pre-requisites of a Creative Producer/Director

Creative / Innovative /Analytical / Logical / Critical / Deep observation / Vast study/ Visualization

power / Decision power / Sense of humour / Sense of proportion / Acute conclusion / Common sense /

Aesthetic sense / Great exposure / Editorial judgment / Self starter / Initiative / Team leader /

Forbearance / Tolerance / Practical experience / General knowledge /Courage / Confidence / Bravery /

Time management / Accuracy / Precision / Conviction / Consistency / Ethics / Communication /

Motivation / Determination / Patience / Fairness in controversy / Disinclined / Unbiased / Unprejudiced

/ Investigative / Informative / Inquisitive / Objectivity / Subjectivity / Technically sound / Pleasant

personality / Command and control

Lecture # 3

Refining an idea for Production

Ingredients for the presentation of an idea before the execution of a programme

Title

Name of the programme

Type

Form of programme

Language

Mode of communication

Genre

Kind of contents

Frequency

Rate of telecast

Duration

Length of time

Target audience

Potential viewers

Format

Arrangement of sequences

Theme

Central idea

Title

Type

Drama

Drama serial /Drama series/Soap serial/Mini-serial/Sit-com situational comedy/Long play/Tele-

film/Short film

Magazine Shows

Talk show/Music show/Celebrity show/Health show/Commerce show/Road show

Game show/Cooking show/Beauty show

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Documentary

Historical /Informative/Investigative/Docu-drama

Specific audience programming

Religious programmes/Women programmes/Children programmes/Sports programme/News

programmes/Current

affairs

programmes/Views

and

comments

programmes/Analytical

programmes/Opinion formation programmes

Language

International as English, Arabic, French/National as Urdu, Persian, Chinese/ Provincial as Punjabi,

Sindhi, Pashtu, Balochi/Regional as Saraiki, Hindko, Barahvi, Gujrati

Genre

Comedy/Tragedy/Action/Thriller/Adventurous/Romantic/Fiction/Historical/Epic/

Science

fiction/Fantasy

Frequency

Daily/Weekly/Fortnightly/Monthly/Quarterly/Biannually/Annually

3 minutes/5 minutes/10-15 minutes/25 minutes/50 minutes/90 minutes

Target audience

General public /Youth /Students /Kids /children /Women /Senior citizens /Formers /Peasants/

Businessmen /Industrialist /Traders /Educationist /Lawyers /Doctors /Workers /Researchers

Format

It is arrangement of the programme and the order of the appearance of performers, artists or the

participants.

Theme

It is the central idea of any programme, normally called the one-liner in the telecast industry.

Lecture # 4

Concept Development

Concept/A general notion/A conception/A comprehension/A construct/A thing formed in the mind/A

directly conceived or intuited object of thought/An idea of something formed by mentally combining all

its characteristics or particulars/A general idea derived or inferred from specific instance or occurrence

The concept development is next step; a producer has to take after generation of an idea and before its

execution. Before we take concept in the scenario of production, let's discuss the concept in mass media

research perspective.

Construct

A construct is the combination of two concepts. For example "Mass" is a concept, "Media" is again a

concept and the "Mass Media" is a construct which give a third meaning as a whole phrase. These

concepts in researched studies are measure as variables.

Variable

It is the changing value of quantity or quality of a thing or concept is called variable.

Independent variable

It is the variable whose value is independent to change. For example "speed" is an independent variable.

Media exposure may be the other example.

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Dependent variable

It is the variable whose value is dependent to change. For example "distance" is a dependent variable.

Socialization from media may be the other example. A dependent variable is dependent on the

independent variable.

Intervening variable

It is the variable that effects the relation of the independent and dependent variable. For example in `

"quality of the road" is an intervening variable. Tune-in time may be the other example.

Extraneous variable

It is the variable, which does not directly influence the relation of independent and dependent variable.

It is not as pertinent as an intervening variable.

Types of research

Pure and applied research is Scientific or laboratory research.

Descriptive research is Social or library research.

Qualitative research deals with the qualitative variables

Quantitative research deals with the quantitative variables

Lecture # 5

Research and reviews

What is research?

Research is constant navigation to know the truth/Continuous effort to dig out facts/an endeavour to find

something new/Making new interpretation of existing knowledge/Research is an addition to already

present knowledge.

According to a mass media research expert Kerlinger, "It is systematic, controlled, critical and

empirical investigation of hypothetical propositions about presumed relations among natural

phenomena."

Research Procedure

Selection of a problem

Research question

Making hypothesis

Review of available literature

Experimental design

Research suppliers

Data collection

Analysis and interpretation of data

Presentation of research

Replication

Lecture # 6

Script Writing

The plot of any story, drama, novel, or play has following basic ingredients

Introduction

beginning

Complication

development of complications

Culmination

climax of conflict

Solution

resolution of issues

Conclusion

ending

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A good script has following components:-

Purpose

to justify its viewer-ship

Simplicity

to make it look true

Familiarity

to be directly communicable

Elements of a successful story

Extraordinary swiftness

Economy of words

Rapid development of situation

Promise of future development

Immediate attention

Powerful atmosphere

Striking characterization

Intriguing unusual setting

Extremely usual setting

Do's in script writing

Opening should be catchy to hold the audience

The style, diction and contents should introduce the play

Logical development of the story is necessary

Tempo to be fast.

Planned forward action.

Element of suspense is vital.

Surprise grabs the attention.

Language should be used according to situation and story.

Definite ending is a must for a story.

All problems to be solved in the end.

All characters accounted for what they have done.

A tragic or unhappy ending may be satisfactory if a moral can be deduced.

Policy matters to be dealt carefully.

Don'ts in script writing

Profanity and blasphemy

Vulgarity and obscenity

Belittling of any race or caste

Criticism on any religion or sect

Physical deformities not to be made humorous.

Crime, murder and suicide to be discouraged

Degrading any colour or creed

Use of poor grammar

Offending humour

Offensive statements

Too talky script

Unintentional interruption to be avoided

Words with multiple meanings to be shunned

Characters

Actor-proof script

Effects

Length

Manuscript

Submitting the manuscript

Script Paper

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Camera Shot Sheet

Editing Log

Storyboard

Fax Request

Equipment Reservation Form

Lecture # 7

Pre-production phase

There are two kinds of productions technically and both require different prerequisites in pre-production

phase.

Indoor production

Outdoor production

Director as producer

The Director is called Producer in TV production as s/he handles the financial matters along with all

other issues regarding programme. For any indoor or outdoor production the first thing is to prepare a

budget.)

There are certain things a Producer has to plan before any production, which include:-

Talent

Electronic News Gathering (ENG)

Characters or performers

Storyboard

Outdoor Production

Reconnaissance

Travelling expanses

Unforeseen expenditures

Programme Budget Proposal (PBP)

Programme Budget Estimate (PBE)

Essentials of PBE

Talent fee

Script fee

Research fee

Transportation

Logistics

Accommodation

Unforeseen expanses

Indoor Production

The requirements for indoor productions are different than that of outdoor productions, it

include:

Set designing

Properties

Set designer

Lighting director

Cameraman

Editor

Director

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The director should aim at audience;

To develop dislike for what is unfair and untrue

To develop disgust for which is cheap and substandard

To develop indifference for which is trivial and meaningless

To develop enthusiasm for what is fine true and important

The director for oneself should develop the habit of;

Self-control

Self-respect

Self-reliance

Studying the script

While studying a script a director should:

Digest the script to get the real mood and feeling.

See that the script is approximately of right length

Suggest small changes if required to better the performance

Hear the whole script, as one reading is not enough

Lecture # 8

Selection of required Content and talent

The casting committee is concerned of two things:

What comes out at the screen?

What happens in the minds of viewer?

The director watches following things for the flexibility of performance:-

Displaying an understanding of lines

Varying speed according to material

Expressing emotions without shouting

Giving expressions, stresses and pauses

Throwing cue lines to co-artists

Delivering the dialogue in true spirit

Having decided upon the selection of the artists, the producer should fix the time of rehearsals,

which include:-

Simple rehearsal

Dry rehearsal

Camera rehearsal

Full rehearsal

Final rehearsal

It is good idea to cut a script down for required number of rehearsals and many factors enter in to

determination of answers;

The script itself

The ability of the artists

The amount of time

The degree of difficulty

The efficiency of director

Run Through

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First Rehearsal

Second Rehearsal

Talent

Forms

Talent Release Form

Lecture # 9

Programme planning

Outdoor Production Checklist

Camera/Neck microphone/Hand microphone/Cable microphone/Cordless microphone /Baby light/Kit

light/Sun gun/Monitor/Reflector/Tapes/Battery charger/Transport/Make up/Costumes/Confirmation of

participants/Location management/For outstation recordings/ Tour authorization/ Accommodation/

Boarding and lodging

Technical staff required

Director/Cameraman/Light man/Boom operator/Driver

Indoor Production Checklist

Studio requisition/Three Cameras/Neck microphone/Hand microphone/Cable microphone/Cordless

microphone/Set installed/Lighting/Panel/switcher/Camera control unit/Audio console/Cassette

Recorders/CassettePlayers/FunctionalMonitors/Tapes/Makeup/Properties/Wardrobe/Costumes/

Confirmation of participants/Gate passes

Technical staff required

Director/Cameramen/Lighting director/Light men/Boom operator/Camera Control Unit (CCU)

engineer/Audio engineer/Recording Engineer/Set designer/Studio hands/Floor managers

Outdoor Broadcast (OB)

Electronic Field Production (EFP)

Talk shows/Live coverage/Music show or concert/Mega shows/Award ceremonies/Sports

events/Approval of authority for the venue/Security management/Refreshment of artists and

staff/Continuities

Continuity of dialogue/ Situation/Dress/Makeup

Assistant Director

Floor Director

Audio Engineer

Camera Operators

Videotape Operators

Technical Director

Production Assistant (CG Operator)

Lecture # 10

Production phase

Floor plan

Traditional set/Contemporary set/Lighting set/Black screen set/Single screen set/Two-screen set/Three-

screen set

Non-representational set

News/Interviews/Talk shows/Forums/Political discussions/Analysis and opinion/Religious programmes

Representational set

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Drama/Show/Documentary/Celebrity show/Magazine show/Science show

Children show/Women show

Abstract sets

Musical concerts/Mega shows/Extravaganza/Variety show

Design elements

Line/Shape/Texture/Space/Size

Work procedure of design department

Producer designer discussion/Planning/Concept/Floor plan/Producer's approval/Budgeting/Purchase

process/Property store/Carpenter workshop/Welding if any/Painting workshop/Erection of set in

studio/Set decoration/Recording/Dismantling after recording/Make up techniques/Essentials of Make

up/General treatment/Nose treatment/Eye treatment

Lecture # 11

Camera Work

Camera functions

Movement of lens of camera

Zoom in /Zoom out/Focus/Defocus

Movement of camera itself

Pan right/Pan left/Tilt up/Tilt down

Movement of camera with tripod

Dolly in/Dolly out/Track right/Track left

Use of crane/Jib/Wide-angle lens/Fish-eye lens

Types of shots

Extreme close up (ECU)/Big close up (BCU)/Close up (CU)/Medium close up/bust shot

(MCU)/Medium shot (MS)/Medium long shot (MLS)/Long shot (LS)/Very long shot (VLS)/Top or

High angle shot (looking downwards)/Low angle shot (looking upwards)/Two shot (can be

CU/MCU/MS)/Over the shoulder shot (OTS)/Moving subject walking into space/Differential shot

Video Equipment

Studio Cameras

The Camera

Lens:

View Finder:

The Camera Mount

Movement Camera Operation

Before the Shoot

During the Shoot

After the Shoot

Lecture # 12

Light and Audio

Types of cameras

Handy camera/ENG camera/Full facility camera/Digital camera/XD camera/Beta camera

Models in use

PD 150/PD 170/D 350/D 390/D 250 P/D 35 P/16 MM/35 MM/70 MM

Types of tapes/disks

Video/VTR/U-matic/Beta/DVC Pro/DV cam/Mini DV/VHS/VCD/DVD/Audio/Magnetic tape/CD/

DAT/Importance of sound in TV

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Use of microphone

When you choose a microphone, you should know four things.

What type it is?

What are its directional characteristics?

What does it sound like?

What it looks like?

Types of microphones

According to technique

Moving coil or dynamic/Ribbon/Capacitor or condenser

According to direction

Omni or Multi-directional (picking sound all around)/Bi-directional (Front and rear)/Uni-directional

(from front only)

According to usage

Neck microphone/Hand microphone/Cordless neck microphone/Cordless hand microphone/Cable neck

microphone/Cable hand microphone/Boom handy (outdoor)/Boom on tripod (indoor)

According to programme

Drama/Talk show/Music/Magazine show/Documentary

Television Sound: The Basics

Loudness

Frequency

The Frequency-Loudness Relationship

Listening Conditions bass and treble

Room Acoustics

Microphones

Dynamic Microphones

Condenser/Capacitor Microphones

Ribbon Mics

Boundary Effect Mics

Contact Mics

Directional Characteristics

In microphones there are three basic directional categories:

Omni-directional

Bi-directional

Unidirectional

Cardioids

Super-cardioids

Hyper-cardioids and Lobar

Shotgun Mics

Parabolic Mics

Using Off-Camera Microphones

Microphone Booms

Hanging Microphones

Hidden Microphones

Phase Cancellation

Place mics as close as possible to sound sources

Use directional mics

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Turn down mics any time they are not needed

Carefully check and vary distances between the sound sources and multiple mics to reduce or

eliminate any cancellation effect (A speaker's mic should be placed at one-third or less the distance of

the next nearest mic.)

Lecture # 13

Day of Recording/Production

Pre-requisites for Indoor Production

Studio requisition/Planning schedule/Studio facilities/Three Cameras/Microphones

Set installed/Any change in required/Lighting/Panel/switcher/Camera control unit/Audio

console/Cassette Recorders/Cassette Players/Functional Monitors/Plasma/Telephones /Tapes/Make

up/Properties/Wardrobe/Costumes/Confirmation of participants/Pick and drop/Gate passes/Technical

staff/Rehearsals

Producer during recordings:

Do not fatigue the crew with odd moves

Do not burden the artist with retakes

Do not spoil the mood of recording

Do not be panic while at work

Camera Moves and mechanism of recording

Noting on script or register

Communication during recording

Talk back microphone for the compare/anchor/host

Studio microphone to address the audience

Head phone to communicate with cameramen

Tele-light

Pre-requisites for single camera Outdoor Production

Single

Camera/Microphones/Lights/Monitor/Reflector/Tapes/Battery

charger/Transport/

Make

up/Costumes/Confirmation of participants/Location management/For outstation recordings/Tour

authorization/Accommodation/Boarding and lodging

Floor management

The production staff/Producer/Director/Assistant director/Lighting director/Designer/Production

assistant/The production crew/Cameraman/Audio engineer/Audio technicians/Video technicians/Floor

manager/Studio hands/Studio supervisor/Switcher/Recording engineer/The Control Room/The studio

floor

The day of recording

Research /Scriptwriting /Dramatization /Screenplay /Storyboard /Rehearsals /Dialogue delivery /Accent

/pronunciation /Teleprompter machine

Video Tape Recording

VT Controls/Patching/Monitoring/Recording/Audio Equipment/Remote Start/ Timing/ Equalization /

Mix Minus/Monitoring/ Developing an Ear/Audio Cart/Compact Disc Player

Auxiliary Equipment

Intercom

Videotape

Lecture # 14

Linear editing and NLE

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Film is a director medium.

Theatre is an actor medium.

Radio is a speaker medium.

Television is a producer medium.

Episode/Scene/Take

Editing/Player 1/Player 2/Recorder

Types of Editing

Linear Editing

Non-linear Editing (NLE)

Editor

Production Switcher

Lecture # 15

Mixing and Uses of effects

Mixing and Uses of effects is to beautify a production. It fills the colours in the programme with the use

of animations, graphics, windows, brackets and effects like, Zoom out, Zoom in, Page turn over, Dip to

black, Fade in, Fade out, Dissolve, Cross fade, Wipe, Swap. Moreover Colour tone, Title, End credits,

Breaks, Bumpers, Scroll, Strips and Superimpositions like Names, Callers, Phone numbers, Email,

Website is also done by mixing, as well as Promo and Recap are also prepared

Music is also adjusted in by audio mixing by keeping music in fore ground, mid ground or background.

Choice of music is exercised in it and Sound levelling

is done.

Lecture # 16

Selection of the News

What is News?

News is some thing or matter new, fresh, unusual, unique, strange and exclusive.

It may be defined as accurate fact or idea that will interest a large number of viewers. In a news

strangeness, abnormality, unexpectedness and nearness of and event, all add to interest in the news

story.

The American College Dictionary defines news as "A report of any recent event or situation and as the

report of event published in a newspaper"

According to Lord Northcliffe' "if a dog bites a man it is no news but if a man bites a dog it's news."

News is in fact a communication between human beings from the earliest period of human civilization.

News is information about an event, some development plan, and movement of important persons as it

is said, "big names make big news."

Qualities of news

Accurate /Balanced /Truthful /Recent /Exact /Perfect /Objective /Impartial /Unbiased / Disinclined/

Concise /Short /Brief /To the point /Clear

Elements of news

Timeliness /Immediacy /Proximity /Consequence /Prominence /Suspense /Mystery /Oddity /Conflict

/Progress /Action /Interest /Human Emotions

News and Documentary Production

Twelve Factors in Newsworthiness

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Timeliness/ proximity/ exceptional quality /possible future impact/ prominence/ conflict

/ the number of people involved or affected/ consequence/ human interest/ pathos/ shock value/

titillation component

Lecture # 17

Writing of the News

How to write the news?

The inverted pyramid

Contents of news

What?

What happened? What is the event?

When?

When it occurred, at what time it took place?

Where?

The place, where the incident occurred.

Who?

The persons involved at that occasion.

Why?

The reason of that particular issue.

How?

The sequence of the event.

Lead/Intro/Credit line/Body text

Types of news according to contents

News based on facts

News based on statement

News based on action

Lecture # 18

Editing of the News

Editing and rewriting the news

Characteristics of good news

Process of editing news

Lecture # 19

Compilation of News Bulletin

Compiling a News Bulletin

Hard news/Soft news/Investigative report

Lecture # 20

Presentation of News Bulletin

Types of news telecast

Continued story

Lecture # 21

Making Special Bulletins

Trade/industry/Commerce/business/Agriculture/Sports/Show biz/Fashion /Music/ Drama/ Weather/

Educational/Religious/Health/Scientific/Food/Documentary/Investigation/ Youth/Women

Lecture # 22

Technical Codes, Terminology, and Production Grammar

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Creativity/Idea /Concept /Casting/Script or Screenplay/Research/Rehearsal/Cameraman /Frame

/Shot/Television

studio/Studio

Floor/Light

/Set

design/Survey

for

location/Microphone/Videotape/Camera Control Unit/Switcher/vision mixer/Panel /Audio Mixing

Console/Production control room/Video monitor wall/ Video editing/Non-linear editing/Video

camera/Electronic field production (EFP)/Electronic News Gathering/Teleprompter

Lecture # 23

Types of TV Production

The scriptwriter's command of dialogue

The researcher's in-depth knowledge

The actor's power of oratory

The performer's suitable expression,

The makeup artist's subtle touch

The lighting directors controlled shadows,

The set designer's environmental influence,

The cameraman's reflections,

The audio engineer's skill in blending music,

The mixing expert's sound effects,

The editor's presentational talent,

The producer's command and control

Magazine Shows

Talk show/Music show/Celebrity show/Health show/Commerce show/Road show/Game show/Quiz

show/Kids show/Fashion show/Women show/Cooking show/Beauty show/Reality show

Specific audience programming

Religious programmes/Women programmes/Children programmes/Sports programme/News

programmes/Current

affairs

programmes/Views

and

comments

programmes/Analytical

programmes/Opinion formation programmes

Genre

Comedy/Tragedy/Action/Thriller/Adventurous/Romantic/Fiction/Historical/Epic/Fiction

/Science

fiction/Fantasy

Lecture # 24

Drama and Documentary

Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. It is derived from a Greek word

meaning "action" or "to do".

Drama

Drama serial /Drama series/Soap serial/Mini-serial/Sit-com situational comedy/Long play/Tele-

film/Short film

Documentary

Historical /Informative/Investigative/Docu-drama

Lecture # 25

Sources of TV News

SOURCES OF NEWS

Reporters/Correspondents/Monitoring/Press releases from public sector organizations/Press note from

the district management/Handout from DGPR and PID/Directorate General of Public Relations and

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Press Information Department/Media contacts/Opinion leaders/Politicians/Celebrities/Players/Media

icons/Press conferences/Media briefings/Important function,/ceremony, workshop, seminar or

symposium/Hospitals/Socialinstitutes/Policestation/Firebrigade/Jails/Courts/District offices/Educational

institutions/Chambers of commerce and industry/Banks State, Scheduled, Agriculture and

commercial/News agencies/Corporate sector/Public gathering/Web sources/News papers/Reporters

/Correspondents Monitoring /Press release /Press conference /National and International News

Agencies:

Lecture # 26

Functions of a Reporter

There are following functions of a television reporter:-

To cover the city events/To lead the production team/To make the news reports/To move into respective

beats/To go to press conferences/To attend the media briefings/To jot down the notes/To gather the

news/To dig out the news/To have liaison with PROs/To get the relevant documents/To write a news/To

rewrite a news/To edit a news/To make the quick decisions/To select a newsworthy occurrences/To

investigate the reasons of an incidents/To write down follow-up stories/To have acquaintance with

existing situations/To have general knowledge/To have time management/To be a team leader/To be

good at language/To follow press laws/To abide by code of ethics/To be socially responsible/To avoid

sensationalism/To have decision power.

Lecture # 27

Beats of Reporting

City reporter /Social reporters /Crime reporter /Political reporter /Court reporter /Health reporter

/Agricultural reporter/Religious reporter /Commerce reporter /Education reporter /Social reporter

/Show-biz reporter /Sports reporter /Women reporter /Youth reporter /Fashion reporter /District reporter

/Special reporter /Cultural reporter /Development reporter

Lecture # 28

Structure of News Department

Staff reports/Wire services/Feature syndicates/Handouts/Releases

City Editor /Beat Reporters /General assignment reporters/Managing Editor /Assistant Managing Editor

/Copy Editor /Managing Editor

Organization of a newspaper news room

Managing editor/City editor/Wire editor/City editor/Photographers/Reporters/Beat reporters/General

assignment reporters

Organization of a TV news room

News director/Executive producer/Assignment editor/

Producers/

Reporters/Editors

Organization of an online newsroom

Executive editor/Producer/Design managers/Producer/Editors/

Reporters/Design

managers/

Multimedia designers/ Web technicians

Lecture # 29

Electronic Field Production

Electronic field production (EFP)

A large video switcher, with an external digital video effects unit and several mix/effect equipment.

zoom lenses for the tripod-mounted "hard" cameras/ Several video recording and playback devices

such as VCRs or hard disk recorders. An audio mixing booth and a variety of microphones to

capture audio. Several miles of various types of cable.

Electronic News Gathering

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Microwave trucks seen transmitting. Modern news employs these trucks extensively. ENG is a

broadcasting (usually television) industry acronym which stands for Electronic News Gathering. It can

mean anything from a lone reporter taking a single camcorder or camera out to get a story to an entire

television crew taking a satellite truck on location to do a live report for a newscast.

Lecture # 30

Live Transmissions

Television studio

Studio floor

Decoration and/or sets

Cameras on pedestals

Microphones

Lighting rigs and the associated controlling equipment.

Several video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room

a small public address system for communication

A glass window between PCR and studio floor for direct visual contact is usually desired, but not

always possible

While a production is in progress, the following people work in the studio floor.

The on-screen "talent" themselves, and any guests - the subjects of the show.

A floor director, who has overall charge of the studio area, and who relays timing and other information

from the director.

One or more camera operators who operate the television cameras, though in some instances these can

also be operated from PCR using remote heads.

Possibly a teleprompter operator, especially if this is a news broadcast.

Production control room

Video monitor wall

Switcher

Master control room

Camera control units

Other facilities

Technical facilities

Telephone for live calls

Toll free numbers

SMS

Intercom

Computer for emails

Feed back

Opinion poll

Microphones

Talk back

Studio mic.

Headphones

Emergency kit

The tapes having pre-recorded programmes in case of emergency.

Generator facility

The alternate supply in case of electric power failure.

Elements of a television system

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An image source. This is the electrical signal representing the visual image, and may be from a camera

in the case of live images, a video tape recorder for playback of recorded images, or a film chain-

telecine-flying spot scanner for transmission of motion pictures (films).

A sound source. This is an electrical signal from a microphone or from the audio output of a video tape

recorder or motion picture film scanner.

A transmitter, which generates radio signals (radio waves) and encodes them with picture and sound

information.

An antenna coupled to the output of the transmitter for broadcasting the encoded signals.

An antenna to receive the broadcast signals.

A receiver (also called a tuner), which decodes the picture and sound information from the broadcast

signals, and whose input is coupled to the antenna.

A display device, which turns the electrical signals into visual images.

An audio amplifier and loudspeaker, which turns electric signals into sound waves (speech, music,

and other sounds) to accompany the images.

Lighting director (LD)

Lecture # 31

Qualities of a news producer

The following are the qualities and characteristics to be a news producer. Some of the qualities can be

inculcated, some can be improved, but still there are certain qualities, which are inborn, and a person

needs to have them to be a media man.

Determination / Knowledge / Awareness / Imaginative / Sense of humour and wit / Inquisitiveness/

Sharp an active/Curious /Observation /Social and sociable/Active and Dynamic /Well informed

/Courteous and well behaved /Intelligence /Specialized in the beat/Law-abiding/Qualified/Creative

and Innovative /Decisive

Lecture # 32

Duties of a news producer

Here are some of the things that a news producer does.

Decides which stories are covered, who covers them, and how they are covered.

Decides the order in which stories appear in the newscast

Determines the amount of time each story is given.

Writes copy for some stories.

Integrates live reports into the newscasts.

Points to ponder while making a special bulletin

Start strong as well begun is half done.

Read and understand your source copy.

Underline and circle the key facts.

Think don't write yet.

Write the way you talk.

Have the courage to write simple.

Refrain from wrong warm-ups.

Limit a sentence to one line only.

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Use short words and sentences.

10.

Utilize familiar words and combinations.

11.

Humanize your copy and localize it.

12.

Do not start with quotation or question.

13.

Put word or words you wish to stress at the end of your sentences.

14.

Omit needless words from your copy.

15.

It should highlight the best part.

16.

Don't just duplicate your source copy.

17.

When in doubt, leave it out.

18.

Don't raise questions, you do not answer.

19.

Read your copy loudly and if it does not sound good, rewrite it.

20.

The art of making news lies in rewriting what you have already written.

Lecture # 33

Assignment/News Editor

Reporters/Camera crew /News editor /News editor

Organization of a TV news room

News director/Executive producer/Assignment editor/ Producers/

Reporters/Editors

Writing news with Accuracy/Fairness and Reliability/Factual position/Nearness

and

proximity/Conflict/Suspense and mystery/Oddity and novelty/Prominence/Consequence

Lecture # 34

Shooting a News film

News Production

The Difference between ENG and EFP

Handling Controversial Subject Matter

Like Any Good Scout, Be Prepared

Video Journalists (VJs)

ENG Personnel

News producer

Segment producers

Executive producer

On-air director

ENG coordinator

Assignment editor

Lecture # 35

Preparation of special reports

Investigative journalism/Uncovering Truth/Reportage/Literary reportage /Investigative journalism /The

Investigation

Means reporters can use for their fact-finding:

Consequences

Breaking news/Format/Usage/Criticism/Know Your Story

Covering News vs. Making News

At Times, A Dangerous Profession

News and Politics

Lecture # 36

Interviews, vox pops and public opinions

Setting Up A Typical On-Location News Interview

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Reporter's Checklist

News Producer's Checklist

News Bias

INTERVIEW for Assessment or Information

Ego /Publicity/Money/Helpfulness

"off the record"/"Background/"deep background"/"attribution" /"a source in "/"burnt source"

Lecture # 37

Back Ground voice and voice over

Natural or Raw Sound /Sound Effects /The mixing /Voice-over

Types and uses of voice-over /As a character device /As a creative device/As an educational or

descriptive device/As a commercial device

Voice types and the cords themselves

Vocal registration (pitch, volume, timbre)

Sound/Equipment for dealing with sound

Lecture # 38

Spoken words and relevant visuals

Role and importance of audio in TV production, including audio mixing, analog and digital audio,

audio control devices, Audio Recording, Editing and Playback, Video Switchers and Special

Effects, Chroma Key and lip-synching i.e. synchronizing audio with the video.

Copying vs. Cloning/Converting Analog to Digital/Quantizing Error/Optimum Digital and Analog

Audio Levels/Digital Standards/Digital Audio Time Code/Audio Control Devices /Boards, Consoles,

and Mixers/Cue /Audition/Audio Mixer Controls/Level Control and Mixing/Using Audio from PA

Systems/Audio Recording, Editing and Playback

Cart Machines

Compact Discs

CD Defects and Problems

Automatic Error Correction

Audio Recording, Editing and Playback

DATs (Digital Audio Tapes) are capable of audio quality that exceeds what's possible with CDs.

RDAT (recordable digital audiotape) is designed for professional applications, as are the very high

quality ADAT machines (types I and II).

DAT Time Code

Computer Hard Drives

IC and PC Card Recorders

RAM Audio Recorders

The I-Pod Era

Audio Editing Systems

Video Switchers and Special Effects

Chroma Key

Software-Based Switchers and Effects

Lecture # 39

Talk shows, forums and Discussion Programmes

Basic techniques to be followed in talk shows Interviewer will introduce the guest and ask

question which will also tend to introduce him.

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1. It is not bad plan to ask some rather light, frivolous questions that may start the programme with

a spurt of humour, for this put the interviewee at ease and please the viewers.

2. It is essential that there be no pauses of any length, consequently the person who is doing the

interviewing must be alert to discover the leads in the answers he receives.

3. First few minutes will be devoted to less serious discussion in order to brighten the subject and

to encourage the interviewee to articulate comfortably.

4. There is a tendency to allow the interview to become argumentative but this should not be

avoided because it makes the interviewer express his ideas, which are not of importance.

5. The interviewer must remember that he is not interviewing himself. His job is to ask stimulating

questions, not to supply the answers; to bring out the interviewee's personality not of his own.

6. Do not try to influence the guest by leading questions. The person who is important enough to

be interviewed must have something interesting enough to appeal the viewers.

7. Try to dig down and disclose the person off guard; by that it is meant that there should be

revelation not the exposure.

8. The host should have the general knowledge so that he can ask good and intelligent questions

about the relevant field of the guest and his interest.

9. Most of the questions should be of such nature as to require more that "yes" or "no" answers,

however interviewee must not be forced to give too lengthy replies.

10. It is permissible for the anchor to raise his hand and interrupt the speaker if he gets started on an

oration or a long speech.

11. If some definite topic is to be discussed, the questioner must strive to keep the speaker talking

about the topic and lead him back to subject if necessary.

12. The talk must be natural and conversational. Mild laughter may be heard but it is not advisable

for the announcer to laugh too heartily at his own comments.

13. Repetition in style of questions should be avoided such as starting questions with the word

"well" or "I see" or "okay" and "fine" after each answer.

Lecture # 40

Functions of various departments of a TV set up

General Manager /Sales department /Engineering Department/Production Department /News

Department/Administrative Department Sales/Entertainment/Owned and operated station /Affiliated

Relations /News/Sports /Standard /Operations

Infrastructure or organizational set up and Working of a TV channel

Human Resources or Administration & Personnel Department/Programmes Department/News

Department/Current

Affairs

Department/Sports

Department/International

Relations

Department/Engineering Department/Training Courses/Marketing/Information Technology/Finance

Department/Sub-Departments

Lecture # 41

Programmes department

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Season or Series/"show" or "programme/Program content/Television series by genre

Scripted entertainment

Unscripted entertainment

Informational

Development

Pilot/13 episodes/Production/Executive Producer/Director /Director of Photography /Editor

Distribution/Seasons/Series

Lists by genre or characteristic

Animated series /Awards shows /Celebrity Shows /Children's television shows /Comedies /Comedies

without laugh tracks /Cooking shows /Comedy-drama television series /Fantasy programs /Game shows

/News programs /Reality programs /Satirical news programs /Science fiction sitcoms /Sketch comedy

shows /Soap operas /Talk shows /Musical shows

Lecture # 42

News and Current Affairs

The programming & Scheduling

Getting TV programme on the air

TV broadcast programming

Scheduling strategies

Day-parting/Theme-ing/Stripping/Stacking/Counter-programming/Bridging/Tent-poling/Hammock-

ing/Cross-programming

Programming

Original Run or First Run

Syndication

Funding

Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many

social aspects of television that can be addressed, including:

Positive effects

Negative effects

Gender and television

Politics and television

Socializing children

Technology trends

Suitability for audience

Alleged dangers

Propaganda delivery

Educational advantages

Lecture # 43

Coordination among Different Departments of Television 1:

Forms and Documents

Programme Planning /ENG work schedule/EFP work schedule/VTR work schedule/Studio work

schedule/Actual Information Report/Props. and wardrobe Requirement list/Programme Budget

Estimate/Programme Budget Proposal/VTR Log book/Contract Form/ Standards /Censor

/Quality/Previewing Pro-forma/Gate Pass/Transport Requisition/Duty roaster of Camera

Department/Duty roaster of Camera Department/Schedule of ENG Store/Daily working schedule/Daily

Cue sheet/Advertisement sheet/Fix point chart

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TV News Reporting and Production MCM 516

Lecture # 44

Coordination among Different Departments of Television 2

Sub-departments and small sections

Department on international level /Department on national level Sub-Departments /Programmes

Department /Camera Department /Design Department /Make-up /Presentation Section

Other related sections

Script Section /Library /Panning Cell /Traffic Cell /ENG store /Technical Store /Properties store

/Wardrobe /Studio /Workshops /Transport /MCR /VTR /PCR/CRE /AFU /Graphics

/Presentation/Transmission /Duty Officer /Transmitter /Media Cell /Security/Exchange /Reception

/Canteen

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