REVISION (LESSON 23 TO 44):Broadcasting Laws, PEMRA, Budget

<< CAREER IN BROADCASTING:Production, Direction, Lighting Director, Script Writer

Introduction to Broadcasting MCM 411

LESSON 45

REVISION (LESSON 23 TO 44)

History of Television

1927 mechanical TV Cultural revolution

1954 colored TV

Pakistan Television (PTV)

At last on Nov 26, 1964 country's first TV station was set up in Lahore.

Excitement

News/ dramas/ live shows/ 65 war/ color transmission 1982/ microwave links

Broadcasting Laws

Laws in the 19th century:

The Registration of books and newspaper act,1867

The Press (emergency power)act 1931

The States (protection against disaffection) act, 1922

The Foreign Relations act 1932

The Criminal law amendment act 1932

The States Protection act, 1934

The Post office act 1898

The Official Secret act

The Press and Publication Act of 1963

Constitution of 1973

Article 19

This article reads as follows:

"Every citizen shall have the right of freedom of speech and expression, and there

shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the

interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security, or defense of Pakistan or any part

thereof, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality or in relation to

the contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an office."

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PEMRA

By late 1990's, Pakistan establishment had come to realize that to counter the cultural threat

imposed by the Hindi channels available through satellite receivers, it needed to encourage

private TV networks since the state owned PTV was failing to attract audiences who wanted

more openness both in terms of entertainment and current affairs. This led to the promulgation

of an ordinance in 1997 to set up a regulator for the electronic media. Federal cabinet in

January 2002 formally approved the text of an ordinance to create an autonomous regulatory

authority for independent electronic media. Initiating in April 2000 as regulatory authority for

media broadcast organizations RAMBO, it was later renamed the Pakistan electronic media

regulatory authority PEMRA. PEMRA was established on March 1st 2002 through an

ordinance to induct and facilitate the private sector in to the field of electronic media.

PEMRA, the regulator for electronic media in Pakistan, has been made responsible for

formulating technical standard and scrutinizing technical feasibility for broadcasting services

including radio, television, satellite broadcasting, cable television, multi-channel multi-point

distribution service (MMDS) and local multi-point distribution service (LMDS).

Replicas of radio broadcast

SETS:

Permanent Sets

Hot & Cover sets

New Sets

Camera Shots the visual language

The Standard Shots:

Basic shots are discussed under this title

Big Close up

from head to chin

Close up

slight headroom to shoulder-line

X-close up

one part of body like eyes

Medium close up

with little head room to chest line

Medium shot

with more headroom to the waist-line

Medium long

ample headroom with lower line cutting below knees

Long shot

with adequate headroom to a slight foreground- covering whole

body

Very long shot

giving enough details of the surroundings of an individual/object

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Introduction to Broadcasting MCM 411

Some other important shots:

Composite (also nose room/looking room)

Wide angle

Master/establishing

O/S

Cut-in

Cut-away

Broadcasting and media imperialism

Budget

Pre-production

Production and post production

Enigma of more channels

The Investment

The disadvantages

Leads to healthy competition

Fresh Ideas

Terrestrial to Satellite to cable TV

CD Channels

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Introduction to Broadcasting MCM 411

BROADCASTING TERMINOLOGIES

Audience Analysis

to analyze the targeted audience

Audition

a trial.

Background

the music used in the background to establish a certain mood or to

show a specific time.

Balance

used to refer harmony among all areas of a program.

Billboard

a slide or an announcement, shown or made in the beginning of a

program that gives premier information about that program and the

whole production team involved in it.

Bite off

to delete some part of the program in the middle that was initially

decided to be a part of it.

Block

to block the time

Boom Mike

mike used to record sounds coming from different directions at the same

time.

Bridge

to make a transition/ change form one scene to another.

Bye Bye

to shift / move from one station /place to another.

Clean it up

to improve a program during rehearsals.

Creeper

performer who gradually moves closer to the mike during a broadcast

Cross talk

distracting conversation on a broadcast circuit, not originating on the

program itself

Cue Bite

to start before the previous performer is through

Cue sheet

outline of a program, listing various elements, the timing of each, and

cues

Cushion

material of a changeable length tentatively inserted in a program to help

director end on time

Cut

to stop the transmission of a program suddenly

Cuts

portions of a script eliminated before or during a broadcast/ used in

post-production to arrange shots in a new sequence.

Dawn patrol

station personnel who prepare early morning broadcast

Dead air

silence, intended or unforeseen

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Introduction to Broadcasting MCM 411

Dead end

part of a studio, which is so sound absorbent that it deadens sound

Dead mike

disconnected mike

Director

Individual who selects performers, rehearses and directs programs

Disc, disc jockey

Announcers who emcees his/ her own record programs

Discrepancies

Changes from script made in last minute at studio, and indicated on

station log

Double

an actor doing several parts

Echo chamber

device consisting of a space which produces echo-like or distance

sounding reverberations

Fading

lowering of volume

Fight the music

not distracted by background music while reading lines

Fill-in

to stand by or perform in the even that a program alteration must be

made without advance notice

Filter

kind of microphone for altering tonal quality

Fluff

error in reading

Frequency Modulation

Gimmick

particular quality which sets off a program from others which resemble it

Guide sheet

plan of a program procedure

In the beam

to be within the operational range of a mike

Kill the mike

Disconnect microphone circuit

Live

Performed by people, not a recording

Live announcement

Announcements performed at the time of the broadcast

Live mike

microphone connected to the circuit, picking voices

Log

Program log prepared by radio stations as a schedule

Master Control

Central point at which all studios in a station are linked, for relaying

Medium

means by which messages are transmitted to public

Off mike

position of a performer situated slightly away from mike

Offside

improper or questionable comedy line

On the head

begins exactly on time

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Introduction to Broadcasting MCM 411

On the nose

ending of a program at precise time planned

Outlet

station which broadcast a particular program

Overboard

program which runs over, not finishing on time

Pad

to include additional material

Part-time station

station authorized to broadcast only at given hours

Playback

Immediate playing of a recording after it has been made, usually for

judging

Plops

Overemphasis of the letters B & P, misrendering of the sound

Plug

announcement advertisement of a given product.

Production

Planning, preparation, and offering of a program, or commercial

Punch Line

a part of the script which is stressed more than the rest of it

Quonking

the background voices and activity in a scene

Run over

used for a program that has gone beyond its time.

Scoop

means microphone was not switched on, on time.

Script Show

to reveal the script of the program before recording or a pre-planned talk/

discussion

Service Features

regular features of a broadcasting house on aired as a public service.

Set up

the placement of different performers and equipment and other crew

members on the set or in the studio.

Sound Table

Portable table used for holding sound-effects appliances

Spell a line

rehearse a line with voice accentuation as required by the scene

Station break

the break when station identity is announced, and other announcements

Spot

announcement or ads at a particular time in between programs

Spread

to lengthen part of a program to consume all time meant for broadcast

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Introduction to Broadcasting MCM 411

Stand by

be ready, AND also a program prepared to fill (sudden) gap purposes

Station break

brief time between programs when radio stations identify themselves

Straight reading

reading script without stressing words, or giving special impression,

news

Stretch

prolong playing music / reading to finish at exact time

Tag line

final and decisive line in scene / commercial

Take timings

take time of every section of program by stop watch

Talent cost

money required to engage talents in a program

Throw a cue

director's gestures to performers / engineers to take certain action

Time signal

announcing correct time

Transition

music or silence used for moving from one scene to another if needed

Under

program which finishes early than scheduled time

THE END

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