 |
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
Lesson
16
NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 2005
GOVERNMENT
OF PAKISTAN
MINISTRY
OF ENVIRONMENT
CONTENTS
1.0PREAMBLE
9
2.0
THE NATIONAL POLICY 9
2.0
Goal 9
2.2
Objectives 9
3.0
SECTORAL GUIDELINES 10
3.1
Water Supply and Management 10
3.2
Air Quality and Noise
10
3.3
Waste Management 11
3.4
Forestry 12
3.5
Biodiversity and Protected Areas
12
3.6
Climate Change and Ozone Depletion
13
3.7
Energy Efficiency and Renewable
14
3.8
Agriculture and Livestock 14
3.9
Multilateral Environmental Agreements
15
4.0
CROSS-SECTORAL GUIDELINE 15
4.1
Poverty and Environment 15
4.2
Population and Environment 16
2.3
Gender and Environment 17
4.4
Health and Environment 17
4.5
Trade and Environment 17
4.6
Environment and Local Governance
17
4.7
Natural Disaster Management
18
5.0
POLICY INSTRUMENTS 18
5.1
Integration of Environment into
Development Planning 18
5.2
Legislation and Regulatory Framework 18
5.3
Capacity Development 19
5.4
Economic and Market Based
Instruments 19
5.5
Public Awareness and Education
19
5.6
Public-Private-Civil Society Partnership
20
6.0
IMPLEMENTATIONAND MONITORING 20
1.
Preamble
The
National Environment Policy provides an overarching
framework for addressing the
environmental
issues
facing- Pakistan, particularly pollution of
fresh water bodies and
coastal waters, air pollution,
lack of
proper
waste management, deforestation, loss of
biodiversity, desertification, natural disasters
and climate
change.
It also gives directions for
addressing the cross sectoral
issues as well as the underlying
causes of
environmental
degradation and meeting
international obligations.
The
National Environment Policy, while
recognizing the goals and
objectives of the National
Conservation
Strategy,
National Environmental Action
Plan and other existing
environment related national
policies,
strategies
and action plans, provides broad
guidelines to the Federal Government,
Provincial Governments,
Federally
Administrated Territories and Local
Governments for addressing environmental
concerns and
ensuring
effective management of their
environmental resources. The Provincial,
AJK, Northern Areas
and
Local,
Governments, however, may devise their
own strategies, plans and
programs in pursuit of this Policy.
2.
The National Policy
2.1.
Goal
The
National Environment Policy aims to
protect, conserve and restore
Pakistan's environment in order
to
improve
the quality of life of the citizens
through sustainable development.
52
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
2.2.
Objectives
The
objectives of the Policy are:
(a)
Conservation,
restoration and efficient management of
environmental resources.
(b)
Integration
of environmental considerations in policy
making and planning
processes.
(c)
Capacity
building of government agencies and
other stakeholders at all
levels for better
environmental
management.
(d)
Meeting
international obligations effectively in
line with the national
aspirations.
(e)
Creation
of a demand for environment
through mass awareness and
community mobilization.
3.
Sectoral Guidelines
3.1.
Water Supply and Management
To
provide sustainable access to
safe water supply and
effectively manage and
conserve the country's
water
resources,
the government may:
(a)
Develop
legal and policy framework
for promotion of safe
drinking water in
Pakistan.
(b)
Increase
coverage of water supply and
water treatment facilities.
(c)
Establish
a water quality monitoring
and surveillance
system.
(d)
Make
installation of water treatment plants as
an integral component of all drinking
water supply
schemes.
.
(e)
Promote
low-cost water treatment technologies at the community
and household levels.
(f)
Promote
appropriate technologies for rain
water harvesting in rural as
well as urban areas.
(g)
Encourage
artificial recharge of groundwater in arid
and semi arid areas.
(h)
Promote
metering of water consumption to discourage the
indiscriminate use of water for
industrial
and
municipal purposes.
(i)
Enact
Water Conservation Act and relevant
standards to foster water
conservation.
(j)
Promote
integrated watershed management.
(k)
Monitor
sustained freshwater flows
into the marine
eco-systems.
(l)
Establish
standards for classification of
surface waterbodies.
(m)
Launch
phased programs for clean up
and gradual up-gradation of the quality
of water bodies. .
3.2.
Air Quality and
Noise
In
order to prevent and reduce
air pollution and noise, the government
may:
a)
Establish
and enforce standards for
ambient and indoor air
quality.
b)
Enact
the National Clean Air
Act.
c)
Ensure
effective enforcement of the National Environmental
Quality Standards and Self
Monitoring
Rules.
d)
Ensure
reduction and control of
harmful emissions through regulatory
programs.
e)
Regulate
vehicular emissions.
f)
Establish
standards for vehicles at the
manufacturing stage.
g)
Update
and enforce fuel
specifications.
h)
Make
use of catalytic converters in
new and in-use vehicles
mandatory.
i)
Phase
out sulphur from diesel and
furnace oil.
j)
Promote
cleaner production
technologies.
k)
Phase
out two stroke
vehicles.
l)
Encourage
cost effective inter-city mass transit
systems in major cities.
m)
Promote
non-motorized means of travel such as
cycling and walking through
provision of adequate
walkways
and cycle lanes in
cities.
n)
Establish
and enforce standards for
ambient noise.
o)
Establish
emission standards to control
noise at source.
3.3.
Waste Management
Pollution
caused by liquid and solid
waste in the country would be prevented
and reduced. For this
purpose,
the
government may:
a)
Strictly
enforce the National Environmental
Quality Standards and Self-
Monitoring and
Reporting
System.
b)
Introduce
discharge licensing system
for industry.
c)
Make
installation of wastewater treatment
plants an integral part of all
sewerage schemes. .
53
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
d)
Devise
and implement the National Sanitation
Policy.
e)
Devise
and implement master plans
for treatment of municipal and industrial
wastewater in urban
and
rural areas.
f)
Establish
cleaner production centers
and promote cleaner
production techniques and
practices
g)
Encourage
reduction, recycling and reuse of
municipal and industrial solid and
liquid wastes.
h)
Develop
and enforce rules and
regulations for proper
management of municipal, industrial,
hazardous
and hospital wastes.
i)
Develop
and implement strategies for integrated
management of municipal, industrial, hazardous
and
hospital
waste at national, provincial and
local levels.
j)
Develop
and enforce regulations to
reduce the risk of contamination from
underground storage
tanks.
k)
Devise
and implement guidelines for
sustainable management of mining
and oil exploration
interventions
as well for rehabilitation of expired
mines/exploration sites.
l)
Launch
National Oil Spill Contingency
Plan.
m)
Adopt
measures for mitigation of
pollution caused by oil
spills.
n)
Establish
a Marine Pollution Control
Commission.
o)
Frame
Pakistan Oil Pollution
Act.
p)
Develop
environmental risk assessment guidelines
for existing industries as well as
new development
interventions.
q)
Develop
national emergency response
and accidents preventions plans to
prevent, and mitigate the
effects
of, accidents involving
pollution of environment.
r)
Provide
financial and other incentives
(reduction/elimination of tariffs, lowinterest
loans,
appreciation
certificates and awards) for
technology upgradation, adoption of cleaner
technology,
implementation
of pollution control measures
and compliance with
environmental standards.
3.4.
Forestry
To
ensure sustainable management of natural
forests of Pakistan and
increased tree cover for
"safeguarding
economic
growth and food security in
the country, the government may:
a)
Implement
the National Forest Policy.
b)
Carry
out intensive institutional and
legal reforms both at the
federal and provincial
levels to
promote
good forest governance.
c)
Promote
social, farm forestry and irrigated
plantations.
d)
Develop
and sustainably manage the
riverine forests alongwith irrigated
plantation and tree
plantation
on farm-lands.
e)
Develop
and implement a strategy and an action
plan for protection and
rehabilitation of mangrove
forests
with the participation of local
communities.
f)
Preserve
relict and unique forests
eco-systems.
g)
Encourage
conservation and restoration of critically
threatened eco-systems.
h)
Provide
alternative sources of. energy,
like piped natural gas.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
solar
energy
and micro-hydel power stations, to the
local inhabitants to reduce the pressure
on natural
forests,
and to substitute firewood in the
upland ecosystems.
i)
Strengthen
the existing forestry research and
training institutions with
adequate infrastructure and
technical
manpower development;
j)
Promote
sustainable management of rangelands
and pastures through preparation
and
implementation
of integrated range management
plans.
3.5.
Biodiversity and Protected
Areas
The
government would promote the conservation
and sustainable use of
Pakistan's biodiversity and
effective
management
of protected areas, and the equitable
sharing of benefits arising thereof
for the well-being of the
nation.
In order to achieve this, the government
may:
a)
Ensure
effective implementation of the Biodiversity
Action Plan.
b)
Revise
and update the Biodiversity
Action Plan in line with
developments taking place at the
national
and
international levels.
c)
Create
new national parks and
protected areas.
54
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
d)
Develop
and implement protected areas system
plan for in-situ conservation of
biodiversity with
community
involvement.
e)
Encourage
involvement of local communities in
conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity
through
provision of incentives and
responsibilities.
f)
Prepare
a national strategy and action
plan for combating spread of
invasive species.
g)
Enforce
bio-safety rules and guidelines
and adopt necessary biosafety
related legal framework.
h)
Establish
a National Institute of Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Sciences at the
Federal level with the
objective
of enhancing training and
research capabilities in the fields of
biodiversity conservation and
ecosystem
management.
i)
Promote
ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
through establishment of botanical
gardens, gene banks,
zoos
and captive breeding of animals
and plants.
j)
Develop
National Zoological Gardens
Act.
k)
Devise
guidelines for accreditation and
registration of private wild animal
captive breeding centers)
Prepare
and implement integrated coastal zone
management plans for
protection of marine
life.
m)
Develop
and implement a comprehensive National
Wetlands Policy.
n)
Develop
policy and regulatory framework for
conservation, cultivation and marketing
of
medicinal/economic
plants.
o)
Create
protected areas for conservation of
marine eco-systems.
p)
Ensure
that any mining activity
within and in the vicinity of
national parks does not
compromise the
objectives
of protected areas.
q)
Harvest
fisheries on a sustainable yield
basis.
r)
Protect
fish habitats against both
encroachment and
pollution.
s)
Use
full potential of inland
fisheries to promote
aquaculture.
t)
Improve
quality management for fish
catches for export and
domestic utilization.
u)
Develop
and implement area conservation
strategies for urban centers
and towns of historical and
cultural
significance.
v)
Promote
eco-tourism concept and
practices.
3.6.
Climate Change and Ozone
Depletion
In
order to effectively address
challenges posed by climate
change and to protect the ozone
layer, the
government
may:
a)
Devise
and implement the National Climate
Change Policy and Action
Plan.
b)
Establish
National Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM)
Authority.
c)
Develop
and implement policy and operational
framework for effective management of
CDM
process.
d)
Promote
the use of ozone friendly
technologies.
e)
Phase
out the use of ozone depleting
substances in line with the provisions of
the Montreal Protocol.
3.7.
Energy Efficiency and
Renewable
The
government would promote energy" efficiency
and renewable sources of
energy in order to achieve
self
reliance
in energy supplies and as a
means to sustainable development. To this
end, the government may:
a)
Devise
and implement National Energy Conservation
Policy.
b)
Formulate
and enact energy conservation legislation
and audit standards.
c)
Make
the Building Energy Code as part of the
Building Code of
Pakistan.
d)
Strengthen
financial mechanisms, institutions,
and associated policies and
regulations to provide
innovative
lending especially in the demand
side efficiency improvement.
e)
Give
preferential status and tax incentives to
energy efficient domestic
products and imports.
f)
Develop
and implement a plan for conversion of
public transport to CNG.
g)
Establish
energy resource and
information centers in
provinces
h)
Institute
the National Energy Conservation
Award.
i)
Promote
renewable forms of energy (wind,
solar, bio-gas etc.) at all
levels.
j)
Encourage
use of waste resources for
energy production.
3.8.
Agriculture and Livestock
To
achieve sustainable agricultural and
livestock development, the government may:
55
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
a)
Ensure
protection and preservation of prime agricultural land
from conversion for other
uses
through
introducing land use planning
and zoning.
b)
Promote
organic farming.
c)
Prevent
soil degradation and restore and
improve degraded
lands.
d)
Promote
integrated pest management and
discourage indiscriminate use of
agrochemicals.
e)
Develop
strategies and programs to
tackle desertification in line with the
National Action Plan
to
Combat
Desertification and
Drought.
f)
Establish
National Desertification Control
Fund.
g)
Encourage
ecologically compatible cropping
systems.
h)
Enhance
existing livestock production through development of
new technologies, scientific
methods
of
farming and. improved
management interventions.
i)
Promote
recycling of agricultural products
associated with livestock production
and use of livestock
sector
as an outlet for recycling of appropriate
urban wastes.
j)
Encourage
highly productive breeds of
livestock.
k)
Introduce
adequate animal waste
management system in peri-urban dairy
colonies.
3.9.
Multilateral Environmental
Agreements
The
government would continue to play a proactive
role to ensure protection of regional
and global
environment
and cooperate with the
international community in promotion of
sustainable development. In
this
context, the government may:
a)
Effectively
participate in regional and international
fora to foster cooperation for protection
of
environment
and natural resources.
b)
Ensure
effective implementation of all bilateral, regional
and international multilateral
environmental
agreements,
protocols and conventions to which Pakistan is a
party, in line with national
policies and
priorities.
c)
Develop
and implement national strategies
and action plans for all
multilateral environmental
agreements,
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
and Millennium Development
Goals.
4.
Cross Sectoral
Guidelines
4.1.
Poverty and Environment
To
achieve environmental sustain
ability and poverty
reduction in the context of economic
growth, the
government
may:
a)
Integrate
poverty-environment issues into
economic policies and
plans.
b)
Increase
allocations for targeted
interventions aimed to address
poverty environment
nexus,
especially
at the grassroots level.
c)
Enhance
community-level environmental management by
strengthening the capacity of
union
councils,
tehsil municipal administration and district
governments.
d)
Improve
poor's access to environmentally-sound technologies
such as improved cooking
stoves,
crop
production technologies that
improve soil and water conservation
and integrated pest
management.
e)
Regularize
all the notified katchi abadis
and upgrade katchi abadis
and slum (squatter
settlements)
through
provision of water supply and sanitation
facilities.
f)
Devise
and implement the National Resettlement
Policy.
4.2.
Population and Environment
To
address the population environment
nexus effectively the government
may:
a)
Integrate
environmental considerations into
population policies and
related projects and
programs.
b)
Formulate
and implement culturally appropriate
strategies and action plans
for invigorating
population
planning programs, especially in critical
eco-systems.
c)
Encourage
behavioral change communication to promote
environment friendly consumption
patterns.
d)
Increase
public awareness of the problems of
unchecked population growth
and its demand on
natural
resources.
e)
Channelize
migration to the intermediate/smaller agro-based towns
through provision of
necessary
infrastructure
and support facilities.
f)
Upgrade
living environment in rural
settlements in order to generate
reverse migration.
56
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
g)
Develop
master plans to ensure development of
cities towns and rural dwellings in a
planned
manner.
h)
Ensure
equitable access to land and other
environmental resources.
4.3.
Gender and Environment
It
would be ensured that all
environment related policies,
projects and programs are
gender-sensitive and
promote
empowerment of women. To this end, the
government may:
a)
Compile
statistics of gender-disaggregated
environmental goods and
services.
b)
Ensure
effective participation of women in
environmental projects and
programs.
c)
Mainstream
gender in all relevant policies
and plans.
d)
Address
the environmental issues which impact
women more adversely such as
indoor air pollution
and
lack of access to water supply
sources.
e)
Include
gender and environment" in the
curricula of education and
training programs on
environment.
4.4.
Health and Environment
To
prevent, minimize and mitigate detrimental health
impacts associated with
environmental hazards, the
government
may:
a)
Incorporate
environmental health and healthcare
waste management components
into medical
teaching
and training
programs.
b)
Develop
and enforce occupational health and
safety rules and
regulations.
c)
Introduce
effective waste management system in
all healthcare facilities.
d)
Make
the provision of safe water
and sanitation facilities mandatory for
all public facilities such
as
hospitals
and schools.
e)
Promote
dissemination of information on
preventive health care at the grassroots
level.
4.5.
Trade and Environment
To
avail optimal benefit from,
and safeguard Pakistan's
environment and exports against
any adverse effect
of,
trade liberalization, the government
may:
a)
Certify/accredit
private and public sector
environmental laboratories.
b)
Promote
ISO 14000 series
certification.
c)
Build
the capacity of public and
private sector organizations in relevant
areas such as ISO
certification,
technology transfer, laboratory certification
and testing.
d)
Undertake
sector-specific research on the
environmental effects of tariffs
and subsidies.
e)
Develop
strategies to deal with
import of goods and
technologies which could have
detrimental
effect
on country's environment.
4.6.
Environment and Local
Governance
Effective
environmental management at the local
level with active participation of
all key stakeholders
would
be
ensured. For this purpose, the government
may:
a)
Develop
and implement district and tehsil level
environmental management
plans.
b)
Build
capacities of elected district government
representatives and local government
officials for
effective
management and participation in
environmental governance.
c)
Devolve
necessary powers to local
governments to ensure effective
environmental management.
d)
Establish
sustainable development funds at the district
levels.
4.7.
Natural Disaster
Management
To
ensure disaster risk reduction
and adequate preparedness
for natural disasters, the government
may:
a)
Develop
and implement a natural disaster
management strategy.
b)
Establish-
disaster management institutions at the
Federal and Provincial
levels
5.
Policy Instruments
The
following key instruments
would be employed for
achieving the objectives of the
Policy:
1.
Integration
of environment into development
planning
2.
Legislation
and regulatory framework
3.
Capacity
development -
57
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
4.
Economic
and market based
instruments.
5.
Public
awareness and
education
6.
Public-private-civil
society partnership
5.1.
Integration of Environment into
Development Planning
a)
Environmental
considerations would be integrated into
sectoral policies and
plans.
b)
Environmental
Impact Assessment related provisions of
the Pakistan Environment Act,
1997, would
be
diligently enforced for all development
projects.
c)
Environmental
Protection Agencies/Environmental.
Protection Departments would be
made
members
of the Provincial Departmental Working
Committees.
d)
Strategic
Environmental Assessment would be
promoted as a tool for integrating
environment into
decision-making.
e)
Environmental
and natural resource accounting
would be integrated in the national
accounting
system.
5.2.
Legislation and Regulatory Framework
a)
Existing
environmental legislative and regulatory
framework would be strictly
enforced.
b)
Necessary
rules, regulations and
standards would be developed for
operatilization of the Policy at the
Federal,
Provincial and District
level.
c)
Existing
environmental legislation would be
revised and new legislation
would be enacted
where
required
and appropriate.
5.3.
Capacity Development
a)
Capacity
of the Ministry of Environment,
Provincial Environment Departments,
Environmental
Protection
Agencies, district and tehsil governments
and other relevant government and
non-
government
institutions and organizations at
all levels would be
strengthened by provision of
adequate
staff, equipment, infrastructure and financial
resources to enable them
effectively
implement
the Policy.
b)
A
national environmental information
management system would be
established to provide
accurate
and
timely information for
informed decision making as well as
ensure public access
to
environmental
information.
c)
Short,
medium and long-term
programs would be designed
and implemented after
comprehensive
training
needs assessment.
d)
Public
sector training institutions
would be encouraged to integrate
environment in their
curricula.
e)
National
research priorities in the environment
sector would be identified
and adequate funding
would
be made available to undertake need
based research in priority
areas.
f)
Relevant
research and development institutions
would be strengthened.
5.4.
Economic and Market Based
Instruments
a)
Environmental
fiscal reforms would be
promoted.
b)
Trade
barriers for the import of
clean technologies, fuels,
and pollution control equipment
would be
removed.
c)
Incentives
including reduced tariffs, tax
concessions and other
incentives (such as environment
and
energy
award) would be offered to
private and public sector
for compliance with
environmental laws
and
standards.
d)
Sustainable
development funds would be operationalized at the
federal and provincial
levels.
e)
Industries
would be encouraged to introduce
environmental accounting systems in
their financial
management
systems.
f)
Special
credits/low interest loans/subsidies
would be offered for the
establishment of waste
management
system, introduction of clean technology
and relocation of polluting
industries.
g)
Opportunities
for green business such as
environmental engineering manufacturing
and installations,
environmentally-certified
products and businesses, energy
service and conservation companies,
and
ecotourism
would be promoted.
58
Globalization
of Media MCM404
VU
5.5.
Public Awareness and
Education
a)
A
national strategy would be developed
and implemented for raising
environmental awareness of the
general
public as well as selected
target groups (e.g. elected
representatives, religious scholars) at
the
Union
Council, Tehsil, District, and
Provincial and Federal
levels.
b)
Environmental
education would be integrated into
all levels of curricula and
syllabi from primary to
university
levels.
c)
Establishment
of environmental education and
training institutions would be
encouraged.
d)
Educational
institutions throughout the country
would be supported in establishment
of
environmental
clubs.
5.6.
Public-Private-Civil Society
Partnership
a)
Federal,
provincial and local governments
would be encouraged to build
strategic partnerships
with
private
sector and civil society
organizations for effective environmental
management through
creation
of enabling environment.
b)
Public-private
partnerships for expansion
and improvement of environmental
services such as
potable
water supply, sewage disposal,
efficient transport and efficient
energy production would
be
promoted.
c)
Sector-specific
advisory committees involving public,
private and civil society
organizations would be
established.
d)
The
concept of "participatory approaches
and practices" would be included in the
curriculum of
environmental
education and training
programs.
6.
Implementation and Monitoring
Following
the approval of the Policy, the Ministry of
Environment would develop an "Action
Plan" for its
implementation.
All relevant Ministries, Departments
and Agencies would also
devise plans and programs
to
implement
"the policy provisions relating to their
respective sector/sub-sector. Similarly, the
Provincial
Governments,
Federally Administrated Territories
and local governments would
also devise their
own
strategies,
plans and programs for
implementation of the Policy. To ensure
effective coordination of Policy
implementation
and oversee the progress in this
regard, a "National Environment Policy
Implementation
Committee"
would be established at the Federal
level. The composition of the Committee is as
follows:
1.
Secretary,
Ministry of Environment Chair
2.
Secretary,
Planning and Development
Division
3.
Secretary,
Ministry of Industries
4.
Secretary,
Ministry of Finance
5.
Secretary,
Ministry of Food, Agriculture
and Livestock
6.
Secretary,
Ministry of Health
7.
Secretaries
of Provincial/ AJK/NA Environment
Departments
8.
Three
representatives from the Corporate
Sector/Chambers of Commerce and
Industry
9.
Three
representatives from the Civil
Society Organizations
10.
Director
General (Environment), Ministry of
Environment (Secretary/Member)
"National
Environment
Policy Implementation Committee" would
meet biannually. The Committee
would
report
the status of implementation of the Policy to
Pakistan Environmental Protection
Council on
regular
basis.
An
"Environment Policy Directorate" would be
established in the Ministry of
Environment to serve as
the
Secretariat
to the Committee. All relevant Federal
Ministries as well as Provincial
Governments' would also
create
special cells to coordinate
implementation of the Policy. Furthermore, Provincial,
District and Tehsil
Governments
would also constitute "Policy
Implementation Committees" in order to
ensure coordinated
implementation
of the Policy through effective participation of
all stakeholders, including
corporates and civil
society
organizations.
59
Table of Contents:
- THE UNIQUE NATURE OF THE PAKISTANI NATION-STATE
- “PAKISTAN: THE FIRST 11 YEARS 1947-1958” PART 1
- “PAKISTAN: THE FIRST 11 YEARS 1947-1958”PART-2
- ROOTS OF CHAOS: TINY ACTS OR GIANT MIS-STEPS?
- “FROM NEW HOPES TO SHATTERED DREAMS: 1958-1971”
- “RENEWING PAKISTAN: 1971-2005” PART-I: 1971-1988
- RENEWING PAKISTAN: PART II 1971-2005 (1988-2005)
- THE CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN, PARTS I & II
- THE CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN, PARTS I & II:Changing the Constitution
- THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN:Senate Polls: Secrecy Breeds Distortion
- THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN:A new role for the Election Commission
- “POLITICAL GROUPINGS AND ALLIANCES: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES”
- THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS AND INTEREST GROUPS
- “THE POPULATION, EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF PAKISTAN”
- THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY 2005:Environment and Housing
- NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 2005:The National Policy, Sectoral Guidelines
- THE CHILDREN OF PAKISTAN:Law Reforms, National Plan of Action
- “THE HEALTH SECTOR OF PAKISTAN”
- NGOS AND DEVELOPMENT
- “THE INFORMATION SECTOR OF PAKISTAN”
- MEDIA AS ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER:Directions of National Security
- ONE GLOBE: MANY WORLDS
- “THE UNITED NATIONS” PART-1
- “THE UNITED NATIONS” PART-2
- “MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)”:Excerpt
- “THE GLOBALIZATION: THREATS AND RESPONSES – PART-1”:The Services of Nature
- THE GLOBALIZATION: THREATS AND RESPONSES – PART-2”
- “WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)”
- “THE EUROPEAN UNION”:The social dimension, Employment Policy
- “REGIONAL PACTS”:North America’s Second Decade, Mind the gap
- “OIC: ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE”
- “FROM SOUTH ASIA TO SAARC”:Update
- “THE PAKISTAN-INDIA RELATIONSHIP”
- “DIMENSIONS OF TERRORISM”
- FROM VIOLENT CONFLICT TO PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE
- “OIL AND BEYOND”
- “PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY”
- “EMERGING TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS”
- “GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA”
- “GLOBALIZATION AND INDIGENIZATION OF MEDIA”
- “BALANCING PUBLIC INTERESTS AND COMMERCIAL INTERESTS”
- “CITIZENS’ MEDIA AND CITIZENS’ MEDIA DIALOGUE”
- “CITIZENS’ MEDIA RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES”Exclusive Membership
- “CITIZENS’ PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING”:Forming a Group
- “MEDIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY”