RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:Basic Rules, Basic Form, Basic Format for Books

<< RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:Studies Primarily Qualitative in Nature

Lesson 45

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Reference List: Basic Rules

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a

reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper

must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page References

(with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It should be double-spaced just

like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules

All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch

from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a

particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors, list the

first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author

references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication,

starting with the earliest.

When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize

only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title,

and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles

or essays in edited collections.

Reference List: Author/Authors

The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style

references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)

Single Author

Last name first, followed by author initials.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Two Authors

List by their last names and initials. Use the "&" instead of "and."

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency

hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

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Three to Six Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again

by "&"

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than

whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

65, 1190-1204.

More Than Six Authors

If there are more than six authors, list the first six as above and then "et al.," which stands for "and others."

Remember not to place a period after "et" in "et al."

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the

Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.

Organization as Author

American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened

version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For

example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993)

and ("New Drug," 1993).

Two or More Works by the Same Author

Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first).

Berndt, T.J. (1981).

Berndt, T.J. (1999).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the

one-author entries first.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment to school. Child Development, 66,

1312-1329.

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged

alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second

authors are the same.

Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments:

Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The

mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25-43.

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Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the

same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the

article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear

in your reference list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims..."

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends.

Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.

Reference List: Articles in Periodicals

Basic Form

APA style dicates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes between

parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word

and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the

volume number which, with the title, is also italicized or underlined.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue

number), pages.

Article in Journal Paginated by Volume

Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two

where issue one ended, etc.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and

Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Article in Journal Paginated by Issue

Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in

parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

Article in a Magazine

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Article in a Newspaper

Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single

pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

Letter to the Editor

Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12.

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Review

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under

control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

Reference List: Books

Basic Format for Books

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

NOTE: For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is

unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC:

American Psychological Association.

Edited Book, No Author

Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage

Foundation.

Edited Book with an Author or Authors

Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.

A Translation

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York:

Dover. (Original work published 1814).

NOTE: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, work in your text, it should appear with

both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).

Edition Other Than the First

Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago

Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of

book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

NOTE: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before

the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical

references, except for newspapers.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and

transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

Multivolume Work

Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York: Scribner's.

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Reference List: Other Print Sources

An Entry in An Encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago:

Encyclopedia Britannica.

Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

List the source the work was discussed in:

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-

distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

NOTE: Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work, and give a

citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et

al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text,

use the following citation:

In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ...

Dissertation Abstract

Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 2001). Dissertation

Abstracts International, 62, 7741A.

Government Document

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM

90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Report From a Private Organization

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.).

Washington, D.C.: Author.

Conference Proceedings

Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The First International Conference on

Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Reference List: Electronic Sources

Article From an Online Periodical

Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes

available, including an issue number in parantheses.

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Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of online periodical, volume number(issue

number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149.

Retrieved May 2, 2006 from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Online Scholarly Journal Article

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number. Retrieved

month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics,

8.Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use "Electronic version" in

brackets after the article's title.

Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555.

Article From a Database

When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide

appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of

work). Then add information that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database. This will

allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you

retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end,

but the APA manual says that this is not required. (For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic

databases, see page 278 of the Publication Manual.)

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating,

8(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES database.

Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report

List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the

information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and

somepage.htm doesn't have the information you're looking for, move up the URL to

http://www.somesite.com/):

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved month date, year, from

http://Web address.

NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home

page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no

date.

Chapter or Section of a Web document

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document

(chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/.

Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3

Documentation

(Apache

modules.)

Retrieved

March

10,

2006

from

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html

NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not

the home page of the Web site.

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E-mail

E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E.

Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting

Message posted to an online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group. Include the title of the messsage, and

the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board.

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to

http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

NOTE: If only the screen name is available for the author, then use the screen name; however, if the

author provides a real name, use their real name instead. Be sure to provide the exact date of the posting.

Follow the date with the subject line, the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in

brackets after the title, as in other types of references.

Computer Software

Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth.

For more help with citing electronic sources, see the APA style web site's coverage of electronic references

or Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style from the APA web site, or visit our additional resources

section.

Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources

Interviews, Email, and Other Personal Communication

No personal communication is included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the

communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication in

your main text only.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal

communication, November 3, 2002).

Motion Picture

Basic reference list format:

Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion

picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.

Note: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after

the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code).

A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability

Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [Motion picture]. United

States: Paramount Pictures.

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A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability

Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available

from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)

Television Broadcast or Series Episode

Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [Television broadcast or Television

series]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.

Single Episode of a Television Series

Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of episode [Television series

episode]. In P. Producer (Producer), Series title. City of origin: Studio or distributor.

Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the falling ape [Television series

episode]. In D. Dude (Producer), Creatures and monsters. Los Angeles: Belarus Studios.

Television Broadcast

Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news hour [Television broadcast]. New York:

Central Broadcasting Service.

A Television Series

Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting action show [Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting

Company.

Music Recording

Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title

of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).

Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown

dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited.

For more about citing audiovisual media, see pages 266-269 of the Publication Manual.

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