REFERENCING:Book by a single author, Edited book, Doctoral Dissertation

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Research Methods STA630

Lesson 45

REFERENCING

There is a general mix up or referencing with bibliography; though the purposes are different. A

bibliography is the listing of the works that are relevant to the topic of research interest arranged in

alphabetical order of the last names of authors. A reference list is a subset of the bibliography, which

includes details of all the citations used in literature survey and elsewhere in the report, arranged again,

in the alphabetical order of the last names of authors. These citations have the goals of crediting the

author and enabling the reader to find the works cited.

Giving references in the report or thesis is a must, whereas the bibliography is additional information

and is certainly optional. There should be no mixing up of the meanings.

There are different modes of referencing being followed by different disciplines. Find out what mode is

followed in your discipline. For example, psychologists follow the publication manual of American

Psychological Association (APA), and sociologists follow guidelines given in the manual of American

Sociological Association. Similarly other subjects follow their professional associations. Each of these

manuals specifies, with examples, how books, journals, newspapers, dissertations, and other materials

are to be referenced in manuscripts. Whichever the style you pick up, follow it consistently. Since APA

format is followed for referencing in many journals in management area, we shall present that here as a

specimen. All the citations mentioned in the research report should find a place in the References

section at the end f the report.

Specimen Format for citing different Types of References

Book by a single author

Leshin, C. B. (1997). Management on the World Wide Web. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-

Hall.

Start with the last name, put a comma and then initials with full stop. It is followed by the year of

publication in parentheses with a full stop. Then we have the title of the publication; all in small words

(unless there is some name which has to be with capital letter as it is in this title) and in italics. Give full

stop at the end. It is followed by place of publication with a colon at the end. After the colon give the

name of the publisher. Second line of the reference should be indented by giving five spaces.

Give two spaces for separating the references.

Book by more than one author

Cornett, M., Wiley, B. J., & Sankar, S. (1998). The pleasures of nurturing. London:

McMunster Publishing.

It is the same as the previous one except there is the use & separating the last author from its preceding

one. See it is not written `and' but being used as symbol `&.'

Edited book

It is a book of readings or called Reader, which contains sections/articles written by a number of

authors. These articles may have been published earlier in different journals/books or these may have

been specially written for this book. Such a book has an editor or editors who collected these articles,

edited them and published.

Pennathur, A., Leong, F. T., & Schuster, K. (Eds.) (1998). Style and substance of thinking.

New York: Wilson Press.

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Research Methods STA630

Here after the names of the editors, the word editors is abbreviated as "Eds." And put in parentheses.

Other instructions remain the same.

Chapter in an edited book

This is an article written by single or multiple authors and is printed in the edited book.

Riley, T., & Brecht, M. L. (1998). The success in mentoring process. In R. Williams (Ed.)

Mentoring and career success. pp. 129-150. New York: Wilson Press.

We start with the name(s) of the author(s); same instructions. Then the title of the article published in

this edited book. The title is in small letters except the letter of the first word. It is not to be put in italics

or in bold. Give full stop at the end of the title. Then we tell about the book and its editor in which it was

published. Here the editor's name does not start with the last name, but is kept straight as initials and

then the last name. It is followed by the title of the book which is in italics. After the title we specify the

pages of the book on which this article appeared. Rest is the same i.e. place of publication and the

publisher.

Journal Article

Jean quart, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997). Diversity in the workforce and management models. Journal of

Social Work Studies, 43 (3), 72-85.

The title of the article is in small letters. The name of the journal is in italics. Such professional

journals are well known in the academic community, therefore, the place of publication and the

publisher is not given. Instead, it volume and number in the volume is given. All the issues published

in one year are one volume. There could be number of issues in a volume. Both the volumes and issues

are numbered. In this example 43 is the volume and 3 given in the parentheses is the number in this

volume. It is followed by the pages on which this article was published.

Conference Proceedings publications

Gardezi, H. N. (2005). Population policy of Pakistan. In Z. Sathar (Ed.), Proceedings of the

Third Conference on Research and Population, (pp. 100-107). Islamabad: Population

Council.

Doctoral Dissertation

Chaudhary, M.A. (2004). Medical advances and quality of life. Unpublished doctoral

Dissertation, Virtual University

Paper presented at conference

Qureshi, Q. A. (2005, May 16). Practical tips for efficient management. Paper presented at

The annual meeting Entrepreneurs, Lahore.

It is possible that the proceeding of a conference have not been published. The researcher got hold of

paper that was presented at the conference and wanted to do it citation. Here along with the year of the

conference, the date is also given. Title of the paper is in italics. Then give some information about

owners of the conference, followed by place where the conference was held.

Unpublished Manuscript

Kashoor, M. A. (2005). Training and development in the `90s. Unpublished manuscript,

Virtual University.

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Research Methods STA630

Newspaper Article

The GM Pact. (2005, May 16). The Dawn, p. 4.

Referencing Electronic Sources

Ahmad, B. (2005). Technology and immediacy of information. [On line]

Available http://www.bnet.act.com

Just giving the site on the internet is not sufficient. It is necessary that the name of the author and title

of the writing should be given. Internet site is actually in place of the publisher and the place of

publication.

Referencing and quotation in Literature review

Cite all references in the body of the report using the author-year method of citation; that is, the last

name of the author(s) and the year of publication are given at the appropriate places. Examples of this

are as follows:

a. Rashid (2005) has shown ...

b. In recent studies of dual earner families (Khalid, 2004; Hameed, 2005) it has been ....

c. In 2004, Maryam compared dual earner and dual career families and found that ....

As can be seen from the above, if the name of the author appears as part of the narrative as in the case of

(a), the year of publication alone has to be cited in parentheses. Note that in case (b), both the author

and the year are cited in parentheses, separated by comma. If the year and the author are part of the

textual discussion as in (c) above, the use of parentheses is not warranted.

Note also the following:

1. Within the same paragraph, you need not include the year after the first citation so long as the

study cannot be confused with other studies cited in the article. An example of this is: Gutek

(1985) published her findings in the book titled Sex and the Workplace. Gutek indicated ...

2. When the work is authored by two individuals, always cite both names every time the reference

occurs in the text.

3. When a work has more than two authors but fewer than six authors, cite all authors the first time

the reference occurs, and subsequently include only the last name of the first author followed by

"et al." as per example below:

Sekaran, U., Martin, T., Trafton, N., and Osborn R. N. (1980) found ... (first citation)

Sekaran et al. (1980) found ... (subsequent citations)

4. When a work is authored by six or more individuals cite only the last name of the first author

followed by `et al.' and the year for the first and subsequent citations. Join the names in a

multiple-author citation in running text by the word "and." In parenthetical material, in tables,

and in reference list, join the names by an ampersand (&). Examples are given below:

a. As tucker and Snell (1989) pointed out ...

b. As has been pointed out (Tucker & Snell, 1989) ...

5. When a work has no author, cite in the text the first two or three words of the article title. Use

double quotation marks around the title of the article. For example, while referring to the

newspaper article, the text might be read as: While examining unions ("with GM pact," 1990).

6. When a work's author is designated as "Anonymous," cite in the text, the word Anonymous

followed by a comma and the date: (Anonymous, 1979). In the reference list, an anonymous

work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous.

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Research Methods STA630

7. When the same author has several works published in the same year, cite them in the same order

as they occur in the reference list, with the in-press citations coming last. For example:

Research on the mental health of dual-career family members (Sekaran, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c,

1999, in press) indicates ...

8. When more than one author has to be cited in the text, these should be in alphabetical order of

the first author's last name, and the citations should be separated by semicolons as per

illustration: In the job design literature (Aldag & Brief, 1976; Alderfer, 1972; Beatty, 1982;

Jeanquart, 1998) ...

Personal communication through letters, memos, telephone conversations, and the like, should be cited

in the text only and not included in the reference list since these are not retrievable data. In the text,

provide the initials as well as the last name of the communicator together with date, as in the following

example:

R. Qureshi (personal communication, November 15, 2006) feels ...

Quotations in Text

Quotations should be given exactly as they appear in the source. The original wording, punctuation,

spellings, and italics must be preserved even if they are erroneous. The citation of the source of direct

quotation should always include the page number(s) as well as the reference.

Use double quotation marks for quotations in the text. Use single quotation marks to identify the

material that was enclosed in double quotation marks in the original source. If you want to emphasize

certain words in the quotation, underline them and immediately after the underlined words, insert within

brackets the words: italics added. Use three ellipsis points (...) to indicate that you have omitted

material from the original source.

If the quotation is more than 40 words, set in a free-standing style starting on a new line and indenting

the left margin a further five spaces. Type the entire quotation double spaced on the new margin,

indenting the first line of paragraphs from the new margin.

If you intend publishing an article in which you have quoted extensively from a copyright work, it is

important that you seek written permission from the owner of the copyright. Make sure that you also

footnote the permission obtained with respect to the quoted material. Failure to do so may result in

unpleasant consequences, including legal action taken through copyright protection laws.

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