AN INTRODUCTION

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Fundamentals of Auditing ACC 311

Lesson 01

FUNDAMENTALS OF AUDITING

AN INTRODUCTION

What is an Audit?

Audit is an independent examination of financial statements of an entity that enables an auditor to express

an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared (in all material respects) in accordance with an

identified and acceptable financial reporting framework (e.g. international or local accounting standards and

national legislations)

This view of audit is presented by ISA 200 Objective and General Principles Governing an Audit of Financial

Statements.

The phrases used; "to express the auditor's opinion" means that the financial statements give a true and fair

view or have been presented fairly in all material respects.

True and fair presentation means that the financial statement are prepared and presented in accordance with

the requirements of the applicable International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and local

pronouncements/legislations.

What we can understand as the essential features of an audit from the above definition and explanation are

as under:

· An auditor involves in examination of financial statements, the auditor is not responsible for the

preparation of the financial statements.

· The end result of an audit is an opinion to assist the user of the financial statements. Auditing

therefore relies heavily on professional judgment, not merely on the facts.

· The auditor's opinion makes reference to "true and fair" or "fair presentations" but "true and fair"

is again a matter of judgment. It is not precisely defined for the auditor.

· In order to make the user of the auditor's report able to feel confident in relying on such report, the

auditor should be independent of the entity. Independent essentially means that the auditor has no

significant personal interest in the entity. This allows an objective, professional view to be taken.

You will note that this is a wide concept of an audit which can be applied to any entity, not just to limited

companies. However, in this course, we are concerned primarily with audits of limited companies (often

known as statutory or external audits). Any other audit applications will be clearly indicated for you in the

text.

Why is there a need for an audit?

The problem that has always existed at the time when the manager reports to the owners is that: whether

the owners will believe the report or not? This is because the reports may:

a. Contain errors

b. Not disclose fraud

c. Be inadvertently misleading

d. Be deliberately misleading

e. Fail to disclose relevant information

f. Fail to conform to regulations

The solution to this problem of credibility in reports and accounts lies in appointing an independent person

called an auditor to examine the financial statements and report on his findings.

A further point is that modern companies can be very large with multi-national activities. The preparation

of the accounts of such groups is a very complex operation involving the bringing together and

summarizing of accounts of subsidiaries with differing conventions, legal systems and accounting and

control systems. The examination of such accounts by independent experts who are trained in the

assessment of financial information is of benefit to those who control and operate such organizations as

well as to owners and outsiders.

Many financial statements must conform to statutory or other requirements. The most notable is that all

company accounts have to conform to the requirements of the Companies Ordinance 1984 but many other

Fundamentals of Auditing ACC 311

bodies (like: Charities, Building Societies, Financial Services business etc) have detailed accounting

requirements as required by the relevant legislations. In addition all accounts should conform to the

requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).

It is essential that an audit of financial statements should be carried out to ensure that they conform to these

requirements.

What is the distinction between auditing and accounting?

Relationship between auditing and accounting

Auditing and accounting are closely connected but both are separate activities. The directors of a company

are responsible for establishing books of accounts that will accurately record financial information and that

are used for preparing the annual financial statements. It is similarly the responsibility of the directors to

adopt consistent and appropriate accounting policies in order to prepare and present the financial

statements. The financial statements have to comply with national legislative requirements and International

Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).

Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing and reporting financial information in a

logical/systematic manner for the purpose of decision making. To provide relevant & reliable information,

accountants must have a thorough understanding of the principles and rules that provide the basis for

preparing the financial statements.

In auditing the financial statements, the concern is with determining whether the presented financial

statements properly (true and fair) reflect the financial information that occurred during the accounting

period. Since auditors are primarily concerned with the end result of this work i.e. do the financial

statements show a true and fair view? In order to arrive at their conclusion the auditors must have a deep

knowledge and understanding of accounting (including applicable accounting standards) and in practice, the

directors will consult with the auditors as to appropriate accounting policies to follow.

Many financial statement users and members of the general public confuse auditing with accounting. The

confusion results because most auditing is concerned with accounting information, and many auditors have

considerable expertise in accounting matters. The confusion is increased by giving the title "Chartered

Accountant" to individuals performing a major portion of the audit function.

Who can be an auditor?

For appointment as auditor of:

a Public Company or

a Private Company which is a subsidiary of a Public Company.

a Private Company having paid up capital of three million rupees or more.

The person must be a Chartered Accountant within the meaning of the Chartered Accountants Ordinance,

1961.

For listed companies an auditor must have a satisfactory QCR (quality control review) rating issued by

ICAP.

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