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Theory
and Practice of Counseling -
PSY632
VU
LESSON
26
NEO-FREUDIANS
Goals
of Adlerian Individual
Psychology
·
The
goals of Adlerian counseling
revolve around helping people develop healthy
life styles as well
as
helping them overcome feelings of
inferiority.
·
One of the
major goals of Adlerian counseling is to
encourage clients to cultivate social
interests.
·
Adlerian
counselors stress three
goals of the therapeutic process:
o
Establishment
and maintenance of an egalitarian
counseling relationship.
o
Interpretation
of client's life style in a
way that promotes
insight.
o
Reorientation
and reeducation of the client
with accompanying behavior
change.
Techniques
To
accomplish behavioral change, the
counselor uses specific
techniques:
Confrontation
The
counselor challenges clients to
consider their own private
logic. When clients examine this logic,
they
often
realize they can change it
and their behavior.
Asking
the question
The
counselor asks, "what would
be different if you were
well?".
Encouragement
Counselors
encourage their clients by
stating their belief that
behavior change is possible.
Encouragement is
the
key to making productive life-style
choices.
Acting
"as if"
Clients
are instructed to act "as if" they
are the persons they want to be for
instance, the ideal
persons
they
see in their dreams(Gold,1979). Adler
originally got the idea of
acting "as if" from
Hans
Vaihinger(1911),
who wrote that people create
the worlds they live in by the assumptions they
make about
the
world.
Spitting
in the client's
soup
A
counselor points out certain
behaviors to clients and
thus ruins the payoff for the
behavior. The logic is
that
when the client is aware of the causes of
his behaviors, then the reinforcement
attached with them
are
gone.
Task
setting
Clients
initially set short range,
attainable goals and eventually
work up to long-term, realistic
objectives.
Push
Button
Clients
are encouraged to realize
that they have choices about what
stimuli in their lives they
pay attention
to.
The technique is like pushing a
button because clients can
choose to remember negative or
positive
experiences.
Evaluation
of Adlerian Approach
Strengths
·
The
approach fosters an equalitarian
atmosphere through the positive
techniques that
counselors
promote.
·
The
approach is versatile. Adlerian
theorists have developed counseling
models for working
with
children,
adolescents, parents, entire families,
teacher groups, and other
segments of society.
Adler
recommends
play therapy for children ages 4 to 9
seems to be especially effective. It
allows children
to
communicate through the language of play
and then verbally talk about
their feelings. On the
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Theory
and Practice of Counseling -
PSY632
VU
other
hand, approach that
emphasizes verbal and behavioral
consequences is recommended
for
adolescents,
especially those dealing
with the typical faulty goals of this
age group (such as
power,
attention,
revenge and inadequacy.
Parents may benefit from
Adlerian theory by using
educational
support
groups to understand their
children better and plan affective
intervention strategies.
·
The
approach is useful in the treatment of a variety of
DSM-IV disorders Including
conduct
disorders,
antisocial disorders, anxiety disorders
of childhood and adolescence,
some affective
disorders,
and personality disorders.
·
The
approach contributes to other helping
theories and to the public's knowledge.
Concepts such
as
freedom, phenomenology, interpretation of events,
life scripts, growth , and
personal
responsibility
are found in existential, Gestalt,
rational-emotive, transactional analysis,
person-
centered
therapy, and reality counseling and
therapy.
·
Adlerian
terms such as inferiority complex
have also become part of the
public's vocabulary.
Limitations
·
The
approach lacks of firm,
supportive research base. There
are relatively few empirical studies
that
clearly
outline Adlerian counseling's
effectiveness.
·
The
approach is vague in regard to
some of its terms and
concepts.
·
The
approach may be too
optimistic about human
nature. Adler, who called
his theory
"Individual
Psychology"
stressed social cooperation and
interest. It does not
consider other important
life
dimensions
like power and
unconscious.
Jungian
Analytical Theory
Jungian
Analytical Theory originated with the
Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav
Jung. At one point he
was
designated
by Freud to head the psychoanalytic
movement. But after working
with Freud, he did not
agree
with
Freud on issues of sexuality.
·
Born
in 1875, Jung, an early
member of Freud's psychoanalytic
circle described their
differences in
"Symbols of
Transformation"
·
Observed
two personalities of his
mother and later used this in the
concept of personal
and
collective
unconscious
·
The
distant relationship of his parents
represented the dichotomies of spirit and
matter, anima and
animus,
persona and shadow
Human
Nature: A Developmental
Perspective
·
The
psyche, the essence of a person, is
composed of conscious and
unconscious
·
Personal
Unconscious
Reside
just below consciousness;
Personal unconscious is composed of the
forgotten,
repressed,
and subliminally perceived events
reactions to one's own
life
·
Collective
Unconscious
Contains
the deposits of human psyche
from the beginning of time. Collective
unconscious
includes images, archetypes (which
means standard and
original), and
symbols
common
to all people.
Composition
of Personality
Ego
·
Ego
is the centre of the field of
consciousness. Role of the ego is to
maintain relationships with
other
psychological contents
Persona
·
Persona
is a mask or public face
worn for protection. The
individuality of a person is suppressed
to
fit
into collective ideals, which
creates problems. So outer
expectations substitute for an
individual's
standpoint.
Individual behave in mechanical
and false way.
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Theory
and Practice of Counseling -
PSY632
VU
Anima
(soul) & Animus (spirit or
breath)
·
Represents
both biological and
psychological aspects of femininity
and masculinity. Anima
initially
is
experienced from a male's
psychological experience with
his mother or the primary female
figure
in
his life, and archetypal
experience of female and
that is how a male projects
onto females. So it is
determined
by the personal and archetypal
experience of females. Animus is the
collective image of
a
man or what a woman experiences in her
life with contacts with
her father and other
males.
The
Shadow
·
Represents
our dark side and the thoughts,
feelings, and actions that
are not socially
acceptable.
Jung
lived through two world
wars where the collective shadow
brutally ruled. If you face
shadows,
it
promotes reflection on human
nature and reveals
individual values. Living the
shadow
consciously
implies assuming the responsibility for
oneself and taking back
projections. It is
difficult
to accept and confront
shadow because we consciously
project onto others.
Recognizing
the
shadow means giving up
ideal. Owing your shadow
improves relationships.
Psychological
Types
Theses
are two attitudes to perceiving the
world.
·
Extrovert
Looks
at the world, and then to
himself/ herself
Influenced
by collective norms
·
Introvert
Uses
the perspective of the inner world
and then perceives the outer
world
Influenced
by subjective norms
Jungian
analyses are predominantly
introverts and appeal to people
searching the psychological depths
to
find
their way.
Goals
of therapy
·
It is
concerned with the knowledge of the
various personality aspects. For
example, a person can
proceed
often until midlife,
functioning reasonably. The
central importance of his approach is
on
psychological
changes associated with
mid-life, and the need is to
find a meaning in
life.
·
Individuation
The
differentiation of the various components
of psyche: Jung addresses the
development
of
the unique elements of an
individual.
·
Transcendence
function
Involves
a constant striving for
wholeness, integration of the personality,
and realization of
the
self.
·
Process
of change is very much individual.
The counselor can use the
chair or couch, and
the
clients
are seen weekly or 2-3
times a week. No special
techniques are prescribed as the
process of
individuation
is very much personal.
Interventions
used in Jungian Analytical
Psychology
Dream
Analysis
·
Attending
to dreams is a way to obtain
Information about unknown and untapped
psychological
areas.
Dream analysis sheds light
on repressions, and contents
robbing the individual of
actualizing
potential.
·
Are
symbolic
o
The
figures in dreams are personified
features of the dreamer personality.
Moreover,
physical
illnesses in dreams represent
psychological illness.
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Theory
and Practice of Counseling -
PSY632
VU
·
They
are prospective
o
Help
people prepare themselves for the
experience and events they anticipate in
the future
·
They
serve as a compensatory
function
o
They
work to bring about a balance
between opposites within a
person
·
They
address the blind spots of
one's personality. There are two
levels of dreams: on the objective
level
the figures in dreams are
actual persons, while on
subjective level they are personified
features
of
the dreamer personality. There is meaning in the
sequence, and the people, named or
unnamed.
Transference
and counter-transference
·
Transference
and counter-transference are
part of the dynamic process occurring in
the therapeutic
relationships.
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