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LESSON
45
COORDINATION
AMONG DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF
TELEVISION 3
(TECHNICAL
STORE, LIBRARY AND
TRAFFIC)
RECAP
OF THE COURSE
Lecture
# 1
Creativity
and idea generation for
television
Importance
of Television among other media
Other
tools of Communication
Purposes
of television
Picture
is the base of Television
Production
Phases
in preparation of a TV programme
The
functions and responsibilities of a
Producer
Video
Procedures/ Production
TV
Production Crew Positions
Future
Trends-High Definition
Television
Lecture
# 2
Pre-requisites
of a Creative Producer/Director
Creative
/ Innovative /Analytical / Logical /
Critical / Deep observation / Vast
study/ Visualization
power
/ Decision power / Sense of
humour / Sense of proportion /
Acute conclusion / Common sense
/
Aesthetic
sense / Great exposure / Editorial
judgment / Self starter /
Initiative / Team leader /
Forbearance
/ Tolerance / Practical experience / General
knowledge /Courage / Confidence / Bravery
/
Time
management / Accuracy / Precision /
Conviction / Consistency / Ethics / Communication
/
Motivation
/ Determination / Patience / Fairness in
controversy / Disinclined / Unbiased /
Unprejudiced
/
Investigative / Informative / Inquisitive
/ Objectivity / Subjectivity /
Technically sound /
Pleasant
personality
/ Command and control
Lecture
# 3
Refining
an idea for Production
Ingredients
for the presentation of an idea before
the execution of a programme
·
Title
Name
of the programme
·
Type
Form
of programme
·
Language
Mode
of communication
·
Genre
Kind
of contents
·
Frequency
Rate
of telecast
·
Duration
Length
of time
·
Target
audience
Potential
viewers
·
Format
Arrangement
of sequences
·
Theme
Central
idea
Title
Type
Drama
Drama
serial /Drama series/Soap
serial/Mini-serial/Sit-com situational
comedy/Long play/Tele-
film/Short
film
Magazine
Shows
Talk
show/Music show/Celebrity show/Health
show/Commerce show/Road show
Game
show/Cooking show/Beauty show
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Documentary
Historical
/Informative/Investigative/Docu-drama
Specific
audience programming
Religious
programmes/Women programmes/Children
programmes/Sports programme/News
programmes/Current
affairs
programmes/Views
and
comments
programmes/Analytical
programmes/Opinion
formation programmes
Language
International
as English, Arabic, French/National as
Urdu, Persian, Chinese/ Provincial as
Punjabi,
Sindhi,
Pashtu, Balochi/Regional as Saraiki,
Hindko, Barahvi,
Gujrati
Genre
Comedy/Tragedy/Action/Thriller/Adventurous/Romantic/Fiction/Historical/Epic/
Science
fiction/Fantasy
Frequency
Daily/Weekly/Fortnightly/Monthly/Quarterly/Biannually/Annually
3
minutes/5 minutes/10-15 minutes/25
minutes/50 minutes/90 minutes
Target
audience
General
public /Youth /Students /Kids
/children /Women /Senior citizens
/Formers /Peasants/
Businessmen
/Industrialist /Traders /Educationist
/Lawyers /Doctors /Workers
/Researchers
Format
It
is arrangement of the programme and the order of the
appearance of performers, artists or the
participants.
Theme
It
is the central idea of any programme,
normally called the one-liner in the
telecast industry.
Lecture
# 4
Concept
Development
Concept/A
general notion/A conception/A
comprehension/A construct/A thing
formed in the mind/A
directly
conceived or intuited object of
thought/An idea of something formed by
mentally combining
all
its
characteristics or particulars/A general
idea derived or inferred
from specific instance or
occurrence
The
concept
development is
next step; a producer has to
take after generation
of an idea and
before its
execution.
Before we take concept in the
scenario of production, let's
discuss the concept in mass
media
research
perspective.
Construct
A
construct is the combination of two
concepts. For example "Mass"
is a concept, "Media" is again a
concept
and the "Mass Media" is a construct
which give a third meaning
as a whole phrase.
These
concepts
in researched studies are
measure as variables.
Variable
It
is the changing value of quantity or
quality of a thing or concept is
called variable.
Independent
variable
It
is the variable whose value is
independent to change. For
example "speed" is an independent
variable.
Media
exposure may be the other
example.
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Dependent
variable
It
is the variable whose value is dependent
to change. For example
"distance" is a dependent
variable.
Socialization
from media may be the other
example. A dependent variable is dependent on
the
independent
variable.
Intervening
variable
It
is the variable that effects the relation
of the independent and dependent variable.
For example in `
"quality
of the road" is an intervening variable.
Tune-in time may be the
other example.
Extraneous
variable
It
is the variable, which does
not directly influence the
relation of independent and dependent
variable.
It
is not as pertinent as an intervening
variable.
Types
of research
Pure
and
applied
research
is Scientific or laboratory
research.
Descriptive
research
is Social or library
research.
Qualitative
research
deals with the qualitative
variables
Quantitative
research
deals with the quantitative
variables
Lecture
# 5
Research
and reviews
What
is research?
Research
is constant navigation to know the
truth/Continuous effort to dig
out facts/an endeavour to find
something
new/Making new interpretation of
existing knowledge/Research is an addition to
already
present
knowledge.
According
to a mass media research
expert Kerlinger, "It is
systematic, controlled, critical
and
empirical
investigation of hypothetical
propositions about presumed
relations among natural
phenomena."
Research
Procedure
·
Selection
of a problem
·
Research
question
·
Making
hypothesis
·
Review
of available literature
·
Experimental
design
·
Research
suppliers
·
Data
collection
·
Analysis
and interpretation of data
·
Presentation
of research
·
Replication
Lecture
# 6
Script
Writing
The
plot of any story, drama,
novel, or play has following
basic ingredients
Introduction
beginning
Complication
development
of complications
Culmination
climax
of conflict
Solution
resolution
of issues
Conclusion
ending
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A
good script has following
components:-
Purpose
to
justify its
viewer-ship
Simplicity
to
make it look true
Familiarity
to
be directly communicable
Elements
of a successful story
Extraordinary
swiftness
Economy
of words
Rapid
development of situation
Promise
of future development
Immediate
attention
Powerful
atmosphere
Striking
characterization
Intriguing
unusual setting
Extremely
usual setting
Do's
in script writing
Opening
should be catchy to hold the
audience
The
style, diction and contents
should introduce the
play
Logical
development of the story is
necessary
Tempo
to be fast.
Planned
forward action.
Element
of suspense is vital.
Surprise
grabs the attention.
Language
should be used according to
situation and story.
Definite
ending is a must for a
story.
All
problems to be solved in the end.
All
characters accounted for
what they have done.
A
tragic or unhappy ending may
be satisfactory if a moral can be
deduced.
Policy
matters to be dealt
carefully.
Don'ts
in script writing
Profanity
and blasphemy
Vulgarity
and obscenity
Belittling
of any race or caste
Criticism
on any religion or
sect
Physical
deformities not to be made
humorous.
Crime,
murder and suicide to be
discouraged
Degrading
any colour or creed
Use
of poor grammar
Offending
humour
Offensive
statements
Too
talky script
Unintentional
interruption to be avoided
Words
with multiple meanings to be
shunned
Characters
Actor-proof
script
Effects
Length
Manuscript
Submitting
the manuscript
Script
Paper
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Camera
Shot Sheet
Editing
Log
Storyboard
Fax
Request
Equipment
Reservation Form
Lecture
# 7
Pre-production
phase
There
are two kinds of productions
technically and both require
different prerequisites in
pre-production
phase.
·
Indoor
production
·
Outdoor
production
Director
as producer
The
Director is called Producer in TV
production as s/he handles the
financial matters along with
all
other
issues regarding programme. For
any indoor or outdoor
production the first thing is to prepare
a
budget.)
There
are certain things a Producer has to plan
before any production, which
include:-
·
Talent
·
Electronic
News Gathering (ENG)
·
Characters
or performers
·
Storyboard
·
Outdoor
Production
·
Reconnaissance
·
Travelling
expanses
·
Unforeseen
expenditures
·
Programme
Budget Proposal (PBP)
·
Programme
Budget Estimate (PBE)
·
Essentials
of PBE
·
Talent
fee
·
Script
fee
·
Research
fee
·
Transportation
·
Logistics
·
Accommodation
·
Unforeseen
expanses
Indoor
Production
The
requirements for indoor productions are different
than that of outdoor productions,
it
include:
Set
designing
Properties
·
Set
designer
·
Lighting
director
·
Cameraman
·
Editor
·
Director
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The
director should aim at
audience;
·
To
develop dislike for what is
unfair and untrue
·
To
develop disgust for which is
cheap and substandard
·
To
develop indifference for
which is trivial and
meaningless
·
To
develop enthusiasm for what
is fine true and
important
The
director for oneself should
develop the habit of;
·
Self-control
·
Self-respect
·
Self-reliance
Studying
the script
While
studying a script a director should:
·
Digest
the script to get the real mood and
feeling.
·
See
that the script is approximately of
right length
·
Suggest
small changes if required to
better the performance
·
Hear
the whole script, as one reading is
not enough
Lecture
# 8
Selection
of required Content and talent
The
casting
committee is
concerned of two
things:
What
comes out at the
screen?
What
happens in the minds of viewer?
The
director watches following
things for the flexibility
of performance:-
·
Displaying
an understanding of lines
·
Varying
speed according to
material
·
Expressing
emotions without shouting
·
Giving
expressions, stresses and
pauses
·
Throwing
cue lines to co-artists
·
Delivering
the dialogue in true
spirit
Having
decided upon the selection of
the artists, the producer should
fix the time of
rehearsals,
which
include:-
·
Simple
rehearsal
·
Dry
rehearsal
·
Camera
rehearsal
·
Full
rehearsal
·
Final
rehearsal
It
is good idea to cut a script
down for required number of
rehearsals and many factors enter in
to
determination
of answers;
·
The
script itself
·
The
ability of the artists
·
The
amount of time
·
The
degree of difficulty
·
The
efficiency of director
Run
Through
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First
Rehearsal
Second
Rehearsal
Talent
Forms
Talent
Release Form
Lecture
# 9
Programme
planning
Outdoor
Production Checklist
Camera/Neck
microphone/Hand microphone/Cable microphone/Cordless
microphone /Baby
light/Kit
light/Sun
gun/Monitor/Reflector/Tapes/Battery
charger/Transport/Make up/Costumes/Confirmation
of
participants/Location
management/For outstation recordings/
Tour authorization/
Accommodation/
Boarding
and lodging
Technical
staff required
Director/Cameraman/Light
man/Boom operator/Driver
Indoor
Production Checklist
Studio
requisition/Three Cameras/Neck microphone/Hand
microphone/Cable microphone/Cordless
microphone/Set
installed/Lighting/Panel/switcher/Camera
control unit/Audio
console/Cassette
Recorders/CassettePlayers/FunctionalMonitors/Tapes/Makeup/Properties/Wardrobe/Costumes/
Confirmation
of participants/Gate passes
Technical
staff required
Director/Cameramen/Lighting
director/Light men/Boom operator/Camera
Control Unit (CCU)
engineer/Audio
engineer/Recording Engineer/Set
designer/Studio hands/Floor
managers
Outdoor
Broadcast (OB)
Electronic
Field Production (EFP)
Talk
shows/Live coverage/Music show
or concert/Mega shows/Award
ceremonies/Sports
events/Approval
of authority for the venue/Security
management/Refreshment of artists and
staff/Continuities
·
Continuity
of dialogue/
Situation/Dress/Makeup
Assistant
Director
Floor
Director
Audio
Engineer
Camera
Operators
Videotape
Operators
Technical
Director
Production
Assistant (CG Operator)
Lecture
# 10
Production
phase
Floor
plan
Traditional
set/Contemporary set/Lighting set/Black
screen set/Single screen set/Two-screen
set/Three-
screen
set
Non-representational
set
News/Interviews/Talk
shows/Forums/Political discussions/Analysis and
opinion/Religious programmes
Representational
set
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Drama/Show/Documentary/Celebrity
show/Magazine show/Science show
Children
show/Women show
Abstract
sets
Musical
concerts/Mega shows/Extravaganza/Variety show
Design
elements
Line/Shape/Texture/Space/Size
Work
procedure of design
department
Producer
designer discussion/Planning/Concept/Floor
plan/Producer's
approval/Budgeting/Purchase
process/Property
store/Carpenter workshop/Welding if any/Painting
workshop/Erection of set in
studio/Set
decoration/Recording/Dismantling after
recording/Make up techniques/Essentials of
Make
up/General
treatment/Nose treatment/Eye treatment
Lecture
# 11
Camera
Work
Camera
functions
Movement
of lens of camera
Zoom
in /Zoom out/Focus/Defocus
Movement
of camera itself
Pan
right/Pan left/Tilt up/Tilt
down
Movement
of camera with
tripod
Dolly
in/Dolly out/Track right/Track
left
Use
of crane/Jib/Wide-angle lens/Fish-eye
lens
Types
of shots
Extreme
close up (ECU)/Big close up
(BCU)/Close up (CU)/Medium close up/bust
shot
(MCU)/Medium
shot (MS)/Medium long shot
(MLS)/Long shot (LS)/Very
long shot (VLS)/Top
or
High
angle shot (looking
downwards)/Low angle shot
(looking upwards)/Two shot
(can be
CU/MCU/MS)/Over
the shoulder shot (OTS)/Moving subject
walking into space/Differential
shot
Video
Equipment
Studio
Cameras
The
Camera
Lens:
View
Finder:
The
Camera Mount
Movement
Camera Operation
Before
the Shoot
During
the Shoot
After
the Shoot
Lecture
# 12
Light
and Audio
Types
of cameras
Handy
camera/ENG camera/Full facility
camera/Digital camera/XD camera/Beta
camera
Models
in use
PD
150/PD 170/D 350/D 390/D
250 P/D 35 P/16 MM/35 MM/70
MM
Types
of tapes/disks
Video/VTR/U-matic/Beta/DVC
Pro/DV cam/Mini
DV/VHS/VCD/DVD/Audio/Magnetic
tape/CD/
DAT/Importance
of sound in TV
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Use
of microphone
When
you choose a microphone, you
should know four
things.
What
type it is?
What
are its directional
characteristics?
What
does it sound like?
What
it looks like?
Types
of microphones
According
to technique
Moving
coil or dynamic/Ribbon/Capacitor or
condenser
According
to direction
Omni
or Multi-directional (picking sound
all around)/Bi-directional (Front
and rear)/Uni-directional
(from
front only)
According
to usage
Neck
microphone/Hand microphone/Cordless neck microphone/Cordless hand
microphone/Cable neck
microphone/Cable
hand microphone/Boom handy (outdoor)/Boom
on tripod (indoor)
According
to programme
Drama/Talk
show/Music/Magazine
show/Documentary
Television
Sound: The Basics
Loudness
Frequency
The
Frequency-Loudness Relationship
Listening
Conditions bass
and
treble
Room
Acoustics
Microphones
Dynamic
Microphones
Condenser/Capacitor
Microphones
Ribbon
Mics
Boundary
Effect Mics
Contact
Mics
Directional
Characteristics
In
microphones there are three basic
directional categories:
Omni-directional
Bi-directional
Unidirectional
Cardioids
Super-cardioids
Hyper-cardioids
and Lobar
Shotgun
Mics
Parabolic
Mics
Using
Off-Camera Microphones
Microphone
Booms
Hanging
Microphones
Hidden
Microphones
Phase
Cancellation
·
Place
mics as close as possible to sound
sources
·
Use
directional mics
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·
Turn
down mics any time
they are not
needed
·
Carefully
check and vary distances
between the sound sources and multiple
mics to reduce or
eliminate
any cancellation effect (A
speaker's mic should be placed at
one-third or less the distance
of
the
next nearest mic.)
Lecture
# 13
Day
of Recording/Production
Pre-requisites
for Indoor Production
Studio
requisition/Planning schedule/Studio
facilities/Three Cameras/Microphones
Set
installed/Any change in
required/Lighting/Panel/switcher/Camera
control unit/Audio
console/Cassette
Recorders/Cassette Players/Functional
Monitors/Plasma/Telephones
/Tapes/Make
up/Properties/Wardrobe/Costumes/Confirmation
of participants/Pick and drop/Gate
passes/Technical
staff/Rehearsals
Producer
during recordings:
Do
not fatigue the crew with
odd moves
Do
not burden the artist with
retakes
Do
not spoil the mood of
recording
Do
not be panic while at
work
Camera
Moves and mechanism of
recording
Noting
on script or register
Communication
during recording
Talk
back microphone for the
compare/anchor/host
Studio
microphone to address the audience
Head
phone to communicate with
cameramen
Tele-light
Pre-requisites
for single camera Outdoor
Production
Single
Camera/Microphones/Lights/Monitor/Reflector/Tapes/Battery
charger/Transport/
Make
up/Costumes/Confirmation
of participants/Location management/For outstation
recordings/Tour
authorization/Accommodation/Boarding
and lodging
Floor
management
The
production
staff/Producer/Director/Assistant
director/Lighting
director/Designer/Production
assistant/The
production crew/Cameraman/Audio
engineer/Audio technicians/Video
technicians/Floor
manager/Studio
hands/Studio supervisor/Switcher/Recording
engineer/The Control Room/The
studio
floor
The
day of recording
Research
/Scriptwriting /Dramatization /Screenplay
/Storyboard /Rehearsals /Dialogue
delivery /Accent
/pronunciation
/Teleprompter machine
Video
Tape Recording
VT
Controls/Patching/Monitoring/Recording/Audio
Equipment/Remote Start/ Timing/
Equalization /
Mix
Minus/Monitoring/ Developing an Ear/Audio
Cart/Compact Disc Player
Auxiliary
Equipment
Intercom
Videotape
Lecture
# 14
Linear
editing and NLE
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Film
is a director medium.
Theatre
is an actor medium.
Radio
is a speaker medium.
Television
is a producer medium.
Episode/Scene/Take
Editing/Player
1/Player 2/Recorder
Types
of Editing
·
Linear
Editing
·
Non-linear
Editing (NLE)
Editor
Production
Switcher
Lecture
# 15
Mixing
and Uses of
effects
Mixing
and Uses of effects is to beautify a
production. It fills the colours in the programme
with the use
of
animations, graphics, windows, brackets
and effects like, Zoom out,
Zoom in, Page turn
over, Dip to
black,
Fade in, Fade out,
Dissolve, Cross fade, Wipe,
Swap. Moreover Colour tone,
Title, End credits,
Breaks,
Bumpers, Scroll, Strips and Superimpositions
like Names, Callers, Phone
numbers, Email,
Website
is also done by mixing, as well as Promo
and Recap are also
prepared
Music
is also adjusted in by audio mixing by
keeping music in fore
ground, mid ground or
background.
Choice
of music is exercised in it and Sound
levelling
is
done.
Lecture
# 16
Selection
of the News
What
is News?
News
is some thing or matter new, fresh,
unusual, unique, strange and
exclusive.
It
may be defined as accurate
fact or idea that will
interest a large number of viewers. In a
news
strangeness,
abnormality, unexpectedness and nearness
of and event, all add to interest in the
news
story.
The
American College Dictionary defines
news as "A report of any
recent event or situation and as
the
report
of event published in a newspaper"
According
to Lord Northcliffe' "if a dog bites a
man it is no news but if a
man bites a dog it's
news."
News
is in fact a communication between human beings
from the earliest period of human
civilization.
News
is information about an event,
some development plan, and movement of
important persons as it
is
said, "big names make big
news."
Qualities
of news
Accurate
/Balanced /Truthful /Recent
/Exact /Perfect /Objective /Impartial
/Unbiased / Disinclined/
Concise
/Short /Brief /To the point
/Clear
Elements
of news
Timeliness
/Immediacy /Proximity /Consequence
/Prominence /Suspense /Mystery /Oddity
/Conflict
/Progress
/Action /Interest /Human
Emotions
News
and Documentary Production
Twelve
Factors in Newsworthiness
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Timeliness/
proximity/ exceptional
quality /possible future
impact/ prominence/
conflict
/
the number of people involved or
affected/ consequence/ human interest/
pathos/ shock value/
titillation
component
Lecture
# 17
Writing
of the News
How
to write the news?
The
inverted pyramid
Contents
of news
What?
What
happened? What is the event?
When?
When
it occurred, at what time it took
place?
Where?
The
place, where the incident occurred.
Who?
The
persons involved at that
occasion.
Why?
The
reason of that particular
issue.
How?
The
sequence of the event.
Lead/Intro/Credit
line/Body text
Types
of news according to contents
·
News
based on facts
·
News
based on statement
·
News
based on action
Lecture
# 18
Editing
of the News
Editing
and rewriting the
news
Characteristics
of good news
Process
of editing news
Lecture
# 19
Compilation
of News Bulletin
Compiling
a News Bulletin
·
Hard
news/Soft news/Investigative
report
Lecture
# 20
Presentation
of News Bulletin
Types
of news telecast
Continued
story
Lecture
# 21
Making
Special Bulletins
Trade/industry/Commerce/business/Agriculture/Sports/Show
biz/Fashion /Music/ Drama/
Weather/
Educational/Religious/Health/Scientific/Food/Documentary/Investigation/
Youth/Women
Lecture
# 22
Technical
Codes, Terminology, and Production
Grammar
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Creativity/Idea
/Concept /Casting/Script or
Screenplay/Research/Rehearsal/Cameraman /Frame
/Shot/Television
studio/Studio
Floor/Light
/Set
design/Survey
for
location/Microphone/Videotape/Camera
Control Unit/Switcher/vision mixer/Panel
/Audio Mixing
Console/Production
control room/Video monitor
wall/ Video editing/Non-linear
editing/Video
camera/Electronic
field production (EFP)/Electronic
News Gathering/Teleprompter
Lecture
# 23
Types
of TV Production
·
The
scriptwriter's command of
dialogue
·
The
researcher's in-depth
knowledge
·
The
actor's power of
oratory
·
The
performer's suitable expression,
·
The
makeup artist's subtle touch
·
The
lighting directors controlled
shadows,
·
The
set designer's environmental
influence,
·
The
cameraman's reflections,
·
The
audio engineer's skill in
blending music,
·
The
mixing expert's sound
effects,
·
The
editor's presentational
talent,
·
The
producer's command and
control
Magazine
Shows
Talk
show/Music show/Celebrity show/Health
show/Commerce show/Road show/Game
show/Quiz
show/Kids
show/Fashion show/Women show/Cooking show/Beauty
show/Reality show
Specific
audience programming
Religious
programmes/Women programmes/Children
programmes/Sports programme/News
programmes/Current
affairs
programmes/Views
and
comments
programmes/Analytical
programmes/Opinion
formation programmes
Genre
Comedy/Tragedy/Action/Thriller/Adventurous/Romantic/Fiction/Historical/Epic/Fiction
/Science
fiction/Fantasy
Lecture
# 24
Drama
and Documentary
Drama
is
the specific mode of fiction
represented in performance. It is derived
from a Greek word
meaning
"action" or "to do".
Drama
Drama
serial /Drama series/Soap
serial/Mini-serial/Sit-com situational
comedy/Long play/Tele-
film/Short
film
Documentary
Historical
/Informative/Investigative/Docu-drama
Lecture
# 25
Sources
of TV News
SOURCES
OF NEWS
Reporters/Correspondents/Monitoring/Press
releases from public sector
organizations/Press note from
the
district management/Handout from DGPR and
PID/Directorate General of Public
Relations and
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Press
Information Department/Media
contacts/Opinion
leaders/Politicians/Celebrities/Players/Media
icons/Press
conferences/Media briefings/Important
function,/ceremony, workshop, seminar
or
symposium/Hospitals/Socialinstitutes/Policestation/Firebrigade/Jails/Courts/District
offices/Educational
institutions/Chambers
of commerce and industry/Banks State,
Scheduled, Agriculture and
commercial/News
agencies/Corporate sector/Public gathering/Web
sources/News papers/Reporters
/Correspondents
Monitoring /Press release
/Press conference /National and
International News
Agencies:
Lecture
# 26
Functions
of a Reporter
There
are following functions of a television
reporter:-
To
cover the city events/To
lead the production team/To
make the news reports/To
move into respective
beats/To
go to press conferences/To attend the media
briefings/To jot down the
notes/To gather the
news/To
dig out the news/To have
liaison with PROs/To get the
relevant documents/To write a
news/To
rewrite
a news/To edit a news/To make the
quick decisions/To select a
newsworthy occurrences/To
investigate
the reasons of an incidents/To write
down follow-up stories/To have
acquaintance with
existing
situations/To have general knowledge/To have
time management/To be a team
leader/To be
good
at language/To follow press
laws/To abide by code of
ethics/To be socially responsible/To
avoid
sensationalism/To
have decision power.
Lecture
# 27
Beats
of Reporting
City
reporter /Social reporters /Crime
reporter /Political reporter
/Court reporter /Health
reporter
/Agricultural
reporter/Religious reporter /Commerce
reporter /Education reporter
/Social reporter
/Show-biz
reporter /Sports reporter /Women
reporter /Youth reporter
/Fashion reporter /District
reporter
/Special
reporter /Cultural reporter
/Development reporter
Lecture
# 28
Structure
of News Department
Staff
reports/Wire services/Feature
syndicates/Handouts/Releases
City
Editor /Beat Reporters
/General assignment reporters/Managing
Editor /Assistant Managing
Editor
/Copy
Editor /Managing
Editor
Organization
of a newspaper news
room
Managing
editor/City editor/Wire editor/City
editor/Photographers/Reporters/Beat reporters/General
assignment
reporters
Organization
of a TV news room
News
director/Executive producer/Assignment
editor/
Producers/
Reporters/Editors
Organization
of an online newsroom
Executive
editor/Producer/Design
managers/Producer/Editors/
Reporters/Design
managers/
Multimedia
designers/ Web technicians
Lecture
# 29
Electronic
Field Production
Electronic
field production (EFP)
A
large
video switcher,
with an external
digital video effects unit
and
several mix/effect
equipment.
zoom
lenses for
the tripod-mounted "hard" cameras/
Several video
recording and
playback
devices
such
as VCRs
or
hard
disk recorders. An
audio
mixing booth and a
variety of microphones
to
capture
audio. Several miles of various
types of cable.
Electronic
News Gathering
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Microwave
trucks seen transmitting. Modern
news employs these trucks
extensively. ENG is a
broadcasting
(usually television) industry
acronym which stands for
Electronic News Gathering. It
can
mean
anything from a lone
reporter taking a single
camcorder or camera out to get a
story to an entire
television
crew taking a satellite truck on
location to do a live report
for a newscast.
Lecture
# 30
Live
Transmissions
Television
studio
Studio
floor
Decoration
and/or sets
Cameras
on pedestals
Microphones
Lighting
rigs and the associated
controlling equipment.
Several
video monitors for visual
feedback from the production control
room
a
small public address system
for communication
A
glass window between PCR and
studio floor for direct
visual contact is usually desired, but
not
always
possible
While
a production is in progress, the
following people work in the
studio floor.
The
on-screen "talent" themselves, and
any guests - the subjects of the
show.
A
floor director, who has
overall charge of the studio
area, and who relays timing
and other information
from
the director.
One
or more camera operators who operate the
television cameras, though in
some instances these
can
also
be operated from PCR using remote
heads.
Possibly
a teleprompter operator, especially if
this is a news
broadcast.
·
Production
control room
·
Video
monitor wall
·
Switcher
·
Master
control room
·
Camera
control units
·
Other
facilities
·
Technical
facilities
Telephone
for live calls
·
Toll
free numbers
·
SMS
·
Intercom
Computer
for emails
·
Feed
back
·
Opinion
poll
Microphones
·
Talk
back
·
Studio
mic.
·
Headphones
Emergency
kit
The
tapes having pre-recorded programmes in
case of emergency.
Generator
facility
The
alternate supply in case of electric
power failure.
Elements
of a television system
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An
image source.
This is the electrical signal
representing the visual image, and may be
from a camera
in
the case of live images, a
video tape recorder for
playback of recorded images, or a film
chain-
telecine-flying
spot scanner for transmission of
motion pictures (films).
A
sound source. This
is an electrical signal from a
microphone or from the audio
output of a video
tape
recorder
or motion picture film
scanner.
A
transmitter,
which generates radio signals
(radio waves) and encodes them with
picture and sound
information.
An
antenna coupled
to the output of the transmitter for
broadcasting the encoded signals.
An
antenna to
receive the broadcast signals.
A
receiver (also
called a tuner), which
decodes the picture and sound
information from the
broadcast
signals,
and whose input is coupled to the
antenna.
A
display device,
which turns the electrical signals into
visual images.
An
audio amplifier and
loudspeaker,
which turns electric signals into
sound waves (speech,
music,
and
other sounds) to accompany the
images.
Lighting
director (LD)
Lecture
# 31
Qualities
of a news producer
The
following are the qualities
and characteristics to be a news
producer. Some of the qualities
can be
inculcated,
some can be improved, but
still there are certain
qualities, which are inborn,
and a person
needs
to have them to be a media man.
Determination
/ Knowledge / Awareness / Imaginative /
Sense of humour and wit /
Inquisitiveness/
Sharp
an active/Curious /Observation /Social and
sociable/Active and Dynamic
/Well informed
/Courteous
and well behaved /Intelligence
/Specialized in the
beat/Law-abiding/Qualified/Creative
and
Innovative /Decisive
Lecture
# 32
Duties
of a news producer
Here
are some of the things that
a news producer does.
1.
Decides
which stories are covered,
who covers them, and how
they are covered.
2.
Decides
the order in which stories
appear in the newscast
3.
Determines
the amount of time each story is
given.
4.
Writes
copy for some
stories.
5.
Integrates
live reports into the
newscasts.
Points
to ponder while making a
special bulletin
1.
Start
strong as well begun is half done.
2.
Read
and understand your source
copy.
3.
Underline
and circle the key
facts.
4.
Think
don't write yet.
5.
Write
the way you talk.
6.
Have
the courage to write
simple.
7.
Refrain
from wrong warm-ups.
8.
Limit
a sentence to one line
only.
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9.
Use
short words and sentences.
10.
Utilize
familiar words and combinations.
11.
Humanize
your copy and localize
it.
12.
Do
not start with quotation or
question.
13.
Put
word or words you wish to
stress at the end of your
sentences.
14.
Omit
needless words from your
copy.
15.
It
should highlight the best
part.
16.
Don't
just duplicate your source
copy.
17.
When
in doubt, leave it
out.
18.
Don't
raise questions, you do not
answer.
19.
Read
your copy loudly and if it
does not sound good,
rewrite it.
20.
The
art of making news lies in
rewriting what you have
already written.
Lecture
# 33
Assignment/News
Editor
Reporters/Camera
crew /News
editor /News
editor
Organization
of a TV news room
News
director/Executive producer/Assignment
editor/ Producers/
Reporters/Editors
Writing
news with Accuracy/Fairness
and Reliability/Factual
position/Nearness
and
proximity/Conflict/Suspense
and mystery/Oddity and
novelty/Prominence/Consequence
Lecture
# 34
Shooting
a News film
News
Production
The
Difference between ENG and
EFP
Handling
Controversial Subject Matter
Like
Any Good Scout, Be Prepared
Video
Journalists (VJs)
ENG
Personnel
News
producer
Segment
producers
Executive
producer
On-air
director
ENG
coordinator
Assignment
editor
Lecture
# 35
Preparation
of special reports
Investigative
journalism/Uncovering Truth/Reportage/Literary
reportage /Investigative journalism
/The
Investigation
Means
reporters can use for
their fact-finding:
Consequences
Breaking
news/Format/Usage/Criticism/Know
Your Story
Covering
News vs. Making
News
At
Times, A Dangerous Profession
News
and Politics
Lecture
# 36
Interviews,
vox pops and public
opinions
Setting
Up A Typical On-Location News
Interview
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Reporter's
Checklist
News
Producer's Checklist
News
Bias
INTERVIEW
for Assessment or
Information
Ego
/Publicity/Money/Helpfulness
"off
the record"/"Background/"deep
background"/"attribution"
/"a
source in "/"burnt
source"
Lecture
# 37
Back
Ground voice and voice
over
Natural
or Raw Sound /Sound Effects
/The mixing
/Voice-over
Types
and uses of voice-over /As
a character device /As a
creative device/As an educational
or
descriptive
device/As a commercial
device
Voice
types and the cords
themselves
Vocal
registration (pitch, volume,
timbre)
Sound/Equipment
for dealing with
sound
Lecture
# 38
Spoken
words and relevant
visuals
Role
and importance of audio in TV production,
including audio
mixing, analog and digital
audio,
audio
control devices, Audio Recording, Editing
and Playback, Video
Switchers and
Special
Effects,
Chroma Key and
lip-synching
i.e.
synchronizing audio with the
video.
Copying
vs. Cloning/Converting Analog to
Digital/Quantizing Error/Optimum Digital
and Analog
Audio
Levels/Digital Standards/Digital Audio
Time Code/Audio Control Devices /Boards,
Consoles,
and
Mixers/Cue /Audition/Audio Mixer
Controls/Level Control and Mixing/Using
Audio from PA
Systems/Audio
Recording, Editing and
Playback
Cart
Machines
Compact
Discs
CD
Defects and Problems
Automatic
Error Correction
Audio
Recording, Editing and
Playback
DATs
(Digital
Audio Tapes) are capable of
audio quality that exceeds
what's possible with
CDs.
RDAT
(recordable
digital audiotape) is designed for
professional applications, as are the
very high
quality
ADAT machines (types I and
II).
DAT
Time Code
Computer
Hard Drives
IC
and PC Card
Recorders
RAM
Audio Recorders
The
I-Pod Era
Audio
Editing Systems
Video
Switchers and Special
Effects
Chroma
Key
Software-Based
Switchers and
Effects
Lecture
# 39
Talk
shows, forums and Discussion
Programmes
Basic
techniques to be followed in talk shows
Interviewer will introduce the
guest and ask
question
which will also tend to
introduce him.
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1.
It
is not bad plan to ask some
rather light, frivolous questions
that may start the programme
with
a
spurt of humour, for this
put the interviewee at ease
and please the
viewers.
2.
It
is essential that there be no pauses of
any length, consequently the person
who is doing the
interviewing
must be alert to discover the
leads in the answers he
receives.
3.
First
few minutes will be devoted to
less serious discussion in
order to brighten the subject and
to
encourage the interviewee to articulate
comfortably.
4.
There
is a tendency to allow the interview to
become argumentative but
this should not be
avoided
because it makes the
interviewer express his
ideas, which are not of
importance.
5.
The
interviewer must remember
that he is not interviewing
himself. His job is to ask
stimulating
questions,
not to supply the answers; to
bring out the interviewee's
personality not of his
own.
6.
Do
not try to influence the
guest by leading questions. The
person who is important
enough to
be
interviewed must have something
interesting enough to appeal the
viewers.
7.
Try
to dig down and disclose the
person off guard; by that it
is meant that there should
be
revelation
not the exposure.
8.
The
host should have the general knowledge so
that he can ask good and
intelligent questions
about
the relevant field of the guest and
his interest.
9.
Most
of the questions should be of such nature as to
require more that "yes" or
"no" answers,
however
interviewee must not be
forced to give too lengthy
replies.
10.
It
is permissible for the anchor to raise
his hand and interrupt the speaker if he
gets started on an
oration
or a long speech.
11.
If
some definite topic is to be
discussed, the questioner must strive to
keep the speaker talking
about
the topic and lead him back to subject if
necessary.
12.
The
talk must be natural and
conversational. Mild laughter may be
heard but it is not
advisable
for
the announcer to laugh too heartily at
his own comments.
13.
Repetition
in style of questions should be avoided
such as starting questions with the
word
"well"
or "I see" or "okay" and
"fine" after each
answer.
Lecture
# 40
Functions
of various departments of a TV set
up
General
Manager /Sales department /Engineering
Department/Production Department
/News
Department/Administrative
Department Sales/Entertainment/Owned and operated
station /Affiliated
Relations
/News/Sports /Standard /Operations
Infrastructure
or organizational set up and
Working of a TV channel
Human
Resources or Administration & Personnel
Department/Programmes Department/News
Department/Current
Affairs
Department/Sports
Department/International
Relations
Department/Engineering
Department/Training Courses/Marketing/Information
Technology/Finance
Department/Sub-Departments
Lecture
# 41
Programmes
department
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Season
or Series/"show" or "programme/Program
content/Television series by
genre
Scripted
entertainment
Unscripted
entertainment
Informational
Development
Pilot/13
episodes/Production/Executive Producer/Director
/Director of Photography
/Editor
Distribution/Seasons/Series
Lists
by genre or characteristic
Animated
series /Awards shows
/Celebrity Shows /Children's
television shows /Comedies
/Comedies
without
laugh tracks /Cooking shows
/Comedy-drama television series /Fantasy
programs /Game shows
/News
programs /Reality programs
/Satirical news programs /Science
fiction sitcoms /Sketch comedy
shows
/Soap operas /Talk shows
/Musical shows
Lecture
# 42
News
and Current
Affairs
The
programming & Scheduling
Getting
TV programme on the air
TV
broadcast programming
Scheduling
strategies
Day-parting/Theme-ing/Stripping/Stacking/Counter-programming/Bridging/Tent-poling/Hammock-
ing/Cross-programming
Programming
Original
Run or First Run
Syndication
Funding
Television
has played a pivotal role in
the socialization of the 20th and
21st centuries. There are
many
social
aspects of television that
can be addressed,
including:
1
Positive
effects
2
Negative
effects
3
Gender
and television
4
Politics
and television
5
Socializing
children
6
Technology
trends
7
Suitability
for audience
8
Alleged
dangers
9
Propaganda
delivery
10
Educational
advantages
Lecture
# 43
Coordination
among Different Departments of Television
1:
Forms
and Documents
Programme
Planning /ENG work
schedule/EFP work schedule/VTR
work schedule/Studio
work
schedule/Actual
Information Report/Props. and wardrobe
Requirement list/Programme
Budget
Estimate/Programme
Budget Proposal/VTR Log
book/Contract Form/
Standards /Censor
/Quality/Previewing
Pro-forma/Gate Pass/Transport
Requisition/Duty roaster of
Camera
Department/Duty
roaster of Camera Department/Schedule of
ENG Store/Daily working
schedule/Daily
Cue
sheet/Advertisement sheet/Fix point
chart
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Lecture
# 44
Coordination
among Different Departments of Television
2
Sub-departments
and small
sections
Department
on international level /Department on
national level Sub-Departments
/Programmes
Department
/Camera Department /Design Department
/Make-up /Presentation Section
Other
related sections
Script
Section /Library /Panning Cell
/Traffic Cell /ENG store
/Technical Store /Properties store
/Wardrobe
/Studio /Workshops /Transport
/MCR /VTR /PCR/CRE
/AFU /Graphics
/Presentation/Transmission
/Duty Officer /Transmitter
/Media Cell /Security/Exchange
/Reception
/Canteen
186