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TV
News Reporting and Production MCM
516
VU
LESSON
22
TECHNICAL
CODES, TERMINOLOGY, AND PRODUCTION
GRAMMAR
TV
production
TV
production is the process of making a
programme, from an initial story
idea or commission through
scriptwriting,
shooting, editing and
finally distribution to an audience.
Typically it involves a
large
number
of people and can take
anywhere between a few months
and several years to complete.
Production
takes place all over the
world in a huge range of economic, social
and political contexts,
using
a variety of technologies and
techniques.
Stages
in TV production
Pre-production
Preparation
for the shoot, in which cast and crew
are hired, locations are
selected, and sets are
built.
Production
The
raw elements for the
finished film are
recorded.
Post-production
The
film is edited, sound effects,
music and any computer effects
are added, and the film is
completed.
Creativity
Creativity
(or creativeness) is a mental
process involving the generation of
new ideas or concepts,
or
new
associations between existing ideas or
concepts.
From
a scientific point of view, the products
of creative thought (sometimes
referred to as divergent
thought)
are usually considered to have both
originality and appropriateness. An alternative,
more
everyday
conception of creativity is that it is
simply the act of making something
new.
Idea
It
is the plan of action, a general notion,
conception, comprehension, construct, thing,
formed in the
mind,
directly conceived or intuited
object of thought or something
formed by mentally combining
all
its
characteristics or particulars.
An
idea is an image, also concept or
abstraction formed and existing in the
mind. Human capability
to
contemplate
ideas is associated with the
ability of reasoning, self-reflection, and the
ability to acquire
and
apply intellect.
Concept
Concepts
are expected to be useful in dealing
with reality. Generally speaking,
concepts are taken to
be
(a)
acquired dispositions to recognize
perceived objects as being of this
kind or of that ontological
kind,
and
at the same time (b) to understand
what this kind or that
kind of object is like, and consequently
(c)
to
perceive a number of perceived
particulars as being the same in
kind and to discriminate
between
them
and other sensible particulars
that are different in
kind.
Casting
The
process of talent hunt for
any programme is casting. The casting
director finds actors for
the parts in
the
script. This normally requires an
audition by the actor. Lead
actors are carefully chosen
and are
often
based on the actor's reputation or
"star power.
Script
A
screenplay or script is an outline,
written by a screenwriter, for a
film or television
program.
Screenplays
can be original works or adaptations
from existing works such as
novels. A screenplay
differs
from a script in that it is more
specifically targeted at the visual,
narrative arts, such as film
and
television,
whereas a script can involve
an outline of "what happens" in a comic, an
advertisement, a
theatrical
play and other creations.
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TV
News Reporting and Production MCM
516
VU
Research
Research
is constant navigation to know the
truth.
Research
is continuous effort to dig
out facts.
Research
is an endeavour to find something
new.
Research
is making new interpretation of
existing knowledge.
Research
is an addition to already present
knowledge.
Screenplay
A
screenplay or script is an outline,
written by a screenwriter, for a
film or television
program.
Screenplays
can be original works or adaptations
from existing works such as
novels. A screenplay
differs
from a script in that it is more
specifically targeted at the visual,
narrative arts, such as film
and
television,
whereas a script can involve
a sketch of "what happens" in a comic, an
advertisement, a
theatrical
play and other creations.
Rehearsal
The
actors rehearse their script
and blocking with the director.
The picture and sound crews
then
rehearse
with the actors. Finally, the
action is shot with as many
takes as the director
wishes.
Cameraman
One
or more camera operators who operate the
television cameras, though in
some instances these
can
also
be operated from Production Control
Room using remote
heads.
Frame
Frame
is one of the many single photographic
images in a motion
picture
Shot
Shot
(film) is part of a film between
two cuts.
Television
studio
A
television studio is an installation in
which television or video
productions take place, either
for live
television,
for recording live to tape, or
for the acquisition of raw
footage for postproduction.
The design
of
a studio is similar to, and
derived from, movie studios,
with a few amendments for
the special
requirements
of television production. A professional
television studio generally
has several rooms,
which
are kept separate for noise
and practicality reasons. These
rooms are connected via
intercom, and
personnel
will be divided among these
workplaces.
Studio
floor
The
studio floor is the actual stage on
which the actions that will be recorded
take place. A studio
floor
has
the following characteristics and
installations:
·
Decoration
and/or sets
·
Cameras
on pedestals
·
Microphones
·
Lighting
rigs and the associated
controlling equipment.
·
Several
video monitors for visual
feedback from the production control
room
·
A
small public address system
for communication
·
A
glass window between PCR and
studio floor for direct
visual contact is usually desired,
but
not
always possible
While
a production is in progress, the
following people work in the
studio floor.
·
The
on-screen "talent" themselves, and
any guests - the subjects of the
show.
·
A
floor director, who has
overall charge of the studio
area, and who relays timing
and other
information
from the director.
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News Reporting and Production MCM
516
VU
·
One
or more camera operators who operate the
television cameras, though in
some instances
these
can also be operated from
PCR using remote
heads.
Possibly
a teleprompter operator, especially if
this is a news
broadcast.
Set
Design
The
production designer creates the look and
feel of the production sets and props
working with the art
director
to create these
elements.
Light
The
lighting is rigged; the camera and
sound recording equipment
are set up. At the same
time the
actors
are wardrobed in their
costumes and attend the hair and
make-up departments.
Set
design
Set
or Scenic design (also known as stage
design, set design or production design) is the
creation of
theatrical
scenery. Scenic designers have
traditionally come from a
variety of artistic backgrounds,
but
nowadays,
generally speaking, they are
trained professionals, often with
M.F.A. degrees in theatre
arts.
Survey
for location
The
location manager finds and
manages the film locations.
Most pictures are shot in the
predictable
environment
of a studio sound stage but
occasionally outdoor sequences
will call for filming
on
location.
Microphone
A
microphone sometimes referred to as a
mike or mic is an acoustic to
electric transducer or sensor
that
converts
sound into an electrical
signal.
Videotape
Videotape
is a means of recording images and
sound onto magnetic tape as
opposed to movie film.
In
virtually
all cases, a helical scan
video head rotates against the
moving tape to record the data in
two
dimensions,
because video signals have a very
high bandwidth, and static heads
would require
extremely
high tape speeds. Video
tape is used in both video
tape recorders (VTRs or,
more common,
video
cassette recorders (VCRs) and
video cameras. Tape is a
linear method of storing
information, and
since
nearly all video recordings
made nowadays are digital, it is expected
to gradually lose
importance
as
non-linear/random access methods of
storing digital video data
are becoming more common.
Camera
Control Unit
It
is technical director's station, with
waveform monitors, vector
scopes and the camera control
units or
remote
control panels for the
camera control units
(CCUs).
Switcher/vision
mixer
A
vision mixer (also called
video switcher, video mixer
or production switcher) is a device
used to
select
between several different video sources
and in some cases composite (mix)
video sources
together
and
add special effects. This is similar to
what a mixing console does
for audio.
Panel
Control
panel is a flat area
containing controls and
indicators and may be associated
with the operation
of
any machinery.
Audio
Mixing Console
Audio
mixing console and other audio
equipment such as effects devices,
character generator creates the
majority
of the names and full screen graphics
that are inserted into the
program and digital
video
effects
and/or still frame devices.
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TV
News Reporting and Production MCM
516
VU
Studio
floor
The
studio floor is the actual stage on
which the actions that will be recorded
take place. A studio
floor
has
the following characteristics and
installations:
·
decoration
and/or sets
·
cameras
on pedestals
·
microphones
·
Lighting
rigs and the associated
controlling equipment.
·
several
video monitors for visual
feedback from the production control
room
·
a
small public address system
for communication
·
A
glass window between PCR and
studio floor for direct
visual contact is usually desired,
but
not
always possible
While
a production is in progress, the
following people work in the
studio floor:
·
The
on-screen "talent" themselves, and
any guests - the subjects of the
show.
·
A
floor director, who has
overall charge of the studio
area, and who relays timing and
other
information
from the director.
·
One
or more camera operators who operate the
television cameras, though in
some instances
these
can also be operated from
PCR using remote
heads.
·
Possibly
a teleprompter operator, especially if
this is a news
broadcast.
Production
control room
The
production control room (also
known as the 'gallery') is the place in a
television studio in which
the
composition
of the outgoing program takes
place
Video
monitor wall
A
video monitor wall, with
monitors for program,
preview, videotape machines,
cameras, graphics and
other
video sources.
Camera
Control Unit
It
is technical director's station, with
waveform monitors, vector
scopes and the camera control
units or
remote
control panels for the
camera control units
(CCUs)
Video
editing
Non-Linear
Editing System,
using computers with video
editing software
Linear
Video Editing,
using videotape
Video
editing is the process of re-arranging or
modifying segments of video to
form another piece of
video.
The goals of video editing
are the same as in film
editing -- the removal of unwanted
footage,
the
isolation of desired footage, and the
arrangement of footage in time to
synthesize a new piece of
footage.
Non-linear
editing
Non-linear
editing for film and
television postproduction is a modern
editing method which
involves
being
able to access any frame in a
video clip with the same
ease as any other. This
method is similar in
concept
to the "cut and glue" technique
used in film editing from
the beginning. However,
when
working
with film, it is a destructive
process, as the actual film negative
must be cut. Non-linear,
non-
destructive
methods began to appear with
the introduction of digital video
technology.
Video
and audio data are first
digitized to hard disks or other
digital storage devices. The
data is either
recorded
directly to the storage device or is
imported from another source.
Once imported they can
be
edited
on a computer using any of a wide range
of software. For a comprehensive list of
available
software,
see List of video editing
software, whereas Comparison of video
editing software gives
more
detail
of features and functionality.
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News Reporting and Production MCM
516
VU
Video
camera
A
video camera is a camera
used for electronic motion
picture acquisition, initially
developed by the
television
industry but now common in
other applications as well.
Video cameras are used
primarily in
two
modes. The first, characteristic of
much early television, is
what might be called a live
broadcast,
where
the camera feeds real time
images directly to a screen
for immediate observation; in
addition to
live
television production, such
usage is characteristic of security,
military/tactical, and
industrial
operations
where surreptitious or remote viewing is
required. The second is to have the
images recorded
to
a storage device for
archiving or further processing;
videotape is traditional for
this purpose, but
optical
disc media, hard disk, and
flash memory are all
used as well. Recorded video
is used not only in
television
and film production, but
also surveillance and monitoring
tasks where unattended recording
of
a situation is required for
later analysis.
Electronic
field production (EFP)
Electronic
field production (EFP) is a television
industry term referring to television
production which
takes
place outside of a formal studio, in a
practical location or special venue. Some
typical applications
of
electronic field production
include awards shows,
concerts, major newsmaker
interviews, political
conventions
and sporting events.
Electronic
field production (EFP) places the
emphasis on high-quality, multi-camera
photography,
advanced
graphics and sound.
Electronic
News Gathering
ENG
is a broadcasting (usually television)
industry acronym which
stands for electronic news
gathering.
It
can mean anything from a
lone reporter taking a
single camcorder out to get a
story to an entire
television
crew taking a satellite truck on
location to do a live report
for a newscast. In its early
days, the
term
ENG was used by newsroom
staff to differentiate between the NG
(newsgathering) crews
that
collected
TV news with traditional
film cameras and the new ENG
crews who collected tv news
with
new
electronic analogue tapes.
Teleprompter
A
teleprompter (also known as an autocue) is a
display device that prompts the
person speaking with an
electronic
visual text of a speech or
script. Using a teleprompter is
similar to the practice of using
cue
cards.
The screen is in front of the
lens of the camera, and the
words on the screen are
reflected to the
eyes
of the speaker using a one-way
mirror.
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