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Macroeconomics
ECO 403
VU
LESSON
15
OPEN
ECONOMY
Three
experiments
1.
Fiscal
policy at home
2.
Fiscal
policy abroad
3.
An
increase in investment
demand
1.
Fiscal policy at
home
r
S2
S1
An
increase in G
or
decrease
in T
reduces
NX2
saving.
r1*
NX1
Results:
ΔI
= 0
I
(r)
ΔNX
= ΔS
< 0
S,
I
I1
NX
and the Govt. Budget
Deficit
10
9
Budget
Deficit
8
7
6
5
4
3
Net
Export Deficit
2
1
0
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Macroeconomics
ECO 403
VU
2.
Fiscal policy
abroad
r
S1
Expansionary
fiscal
NX2
policy
abroad raises
the
world interest rate.
r2*
NX1
r1*
Results:
ΔI
< 0
I
(r )
ΔNX
= -ΔI
> 0
S,
I
I
(r2*)
I
(r1*)
3.
An increase in investment
demand
ΔI
> 0,
r
ΔS
= 0,
S
net
capital
outflows
and net
NX2
exports
r *
fall
by the amount
ΔI
NX1
I
(r )2
I
(r )1
S,
I
I2
I1
The
nominal exchange
rate
e
= nominal exchange rate, the
relative price of domestic
currency in terms of foreign
currency
(e.g.
Yen per Dollar)
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Macroeconomics
ECO 403
VU
Exchange
rates as of February 26,
2005
Country
Currency
exchange
rate
Europe
Euro(€)
Rs.
78.53
Japan
Yen(¥)
Rs.
0.5642
U.K.
Pound(£)
Rs.
113.99
United
States
Dollar($)
Rs.
59.32
UAE
Dirham
Rs.
16.15
The
real exchange
rate
ε
=
real exchange rate, the
relative price of domestic
goods in terms of foreign
goods (e.g.
Japanese
Big Macs per U.S.
Big Mac)
Understanding
the units of ε
e
×P
ε
=
P*
(Yen
per $) ×
($
per unit U.S. goods)
=
Yen
per unit Japanese
goods
Yen
per unit U.S. goods
=
Yen
per unit Japanese
goods
Units
of Japanese goods
=
per
unit of U.S. goods
~
Example ~
·
One good:
Burger
·
Price in Japan:
P* = 200 Yen
·
Price in USA: P
= $2.50
·
Nominal
exchange rate, e = 120
Yen/$
e
×P
ε
=
P *
1
2 0 ×
$ 2 .5
0
=
=
1
.5
200
Yen
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Macroeconomics
ECO 403
VU
To
buy a U.S. burger, someone
from Japan would have to
pay an amount that could
buy 1.5
Japanese
Burgers.
ε
in
the real world & our
model
·
In
the real world:
We
can think of ε
as
the relative price of a
basket of domestic goods in
terms of a
basket
of foreign goods
·
In
our macro model:
There's
just one good, "output." So
ε is the
relative price of one
country's output in
terms
of the other country's
output
How
NX
depends
on ε
↑ε ⇒
US
goods become more expensive
relative to foreign goods
⇒
↓EX,
↑IM
⇒
↓NX
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