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International
Relations-PSC 201
VU
LESSON
18
NON-ALIGNMENT
MOVEMENT (CONTINUED)
NAM
Conferences
Belgrade
Summit, Yugoslavia -
1961
26
member nations attended the summit
and supported the freedom struggles in
Algeria, Tunisia, Angola
and
the Congo.
Cairo
Summit, Egypt -
1964
47
member nations attended the summit
and stressed the need for
disarmament and non-interference.
Lusaka
Summit, Zambia -
1970
54
member nations attended and
decided to break off ties
with Portugal and South Africa
due to lack of
compliance
with UN decisions regarding
decolonization and end of racial
discrimination. The summit
also
called
on Israel to withdraw from
Palestine.
Algiers
Summit, Algeria -
1973
76
member nations attended the summit
and stressed the need for
economic cooperation between
developing
countries and recognized
that their fate rests
primarily in their own
hands.
Colombo
Summit, Sri Lanka -
1976
86
member nations recognized the need to
create new trade flows to
make prosperity more widespread
and
equitable.
Havana
Summit, Cuba - 1979
94
states attended the summit.
Radical countries like Cuba
and Vietnam urged NAM
towards socialist
bloc
to
fight anti-colonialism; westernized
countries such as Singapore
and Zaire urged need to ally
with the
West
to avail access to resources and
technological input. The Arab
bloc also pressured NAM to
expel
Egypt
for its unilateral agreement
with Israel at Camp David. NAM
resisted these pressures by
condemning
Egypt
and Israel (without expelling them)
and denouncing hegemonic designs of
both superpowers.
New
Delhi Summit, India -
1983
99
member nations urged for
nuclear restraint and depoliticizing
food aid and aimed to
address increasing
global
inequalities.
Harare
Summit, Zimbabwe -
1986
101
member nations participated and the
Summit stressed the need to
strengthen frontline states in
Africa
facing
destabilization by intervention of Pretoria and
for the need to pressure Pretoria to
end apartheid in
South
Africa
Belgrade
Summit, Yugoslavia - 1989
102
member nations participated and the
Summit highlighted the need to
hold free and fair
elections in
Namibia,
the need to resolve the ongoing
trouble in Palestine and
Afghanistan.
Jakarta
Summit, Indonesia - 1992
108
member nations attended but
again there were tensions.
Egypt, Cyprus and Indonesia
favored closer
ties
with the West; Algeria
Zimbabwe, Palestine and
India wanted to confront the
US; and Iran, Iraq,
Cuba,
Yemen
and Libya wanted NAM to take
on western hegemony.
There
were also calls for NAM to
be like a Trade Union of developing nations to
gain global negotiating
leverage.
Columbia
Summit, Cartagena -
1995
This
Summit recognized the need
for reorienting NAM objectives in the
unilateral world order.
The
Kashmir
insurgency was also focused
on.
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International
Relations-PSC 201
VU
Havana,
Cuba (2000)
135 member nations focused on
improving South to South cooperation
and
improving
trade terms with northern
countries to eradicate
poverty.
India
called for membership
suspension of countries with
military rule, but this proposal was
unanimously
rejected.
Kula
Lumpur, Malaysia (2003)
Attended by 114 member nations, the
focus was on the revitalization of
the
NAM,
for addressing issues of global
concern.
Relevant
Vocabulary
Apartheid:
racial segregation
Discrimination:
unfair difference in attitude
Reorientation:
redirection
Hegemony:
exertion of domination
Revitalization:
reinvigoration or revival
Suggested
Readings
Students
are advised to read the
following chapters to develop a better understanding
of the various
principals
highlighted in this hand-out:
Chapter
10 in `"A Study of International
Relations" by Dr. Sultan
Khan.
Internet
Resources
In
addition to reading from the
textbook, please visit the
following web-pages for this
lecture, which
provide
useful and interesting
information:
NAM
official website
http://www.nam.gov.za